Training-induced changes in structural and mechanical properties of the patellar tendon are related to muscle hypertrophy but not to strength gains

Seynnes, Olivier; Erskine, Robert M.; Maganaris, Constantinos N.; Longo, Stefano; Simoneau, Émilie; Grosset, J.; Narici, Marco V.

doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00213.2009

Cited by 221 publications

(284 citation statements)

References 50 publications

(77 reference statements)

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“…However, no change in patellar tendon CSA was observed in either group despite the increase in strength and CSA of the adjacent muscle, nor was any correlations found. Though not expected, these results are in accordance with several resistance training studies that have shown that increases in strength were not accompanied by increases in tendon CSA (Reeves et al 2003;Kubo et al 2007;Seynnes et al 2009). Rather, a markedly altered elastic modulus was found in these studies, implying a change in the composition of the tendon structure instead of the size.…”

Section: Patellar Tendon Propertiessupporting

confidence: 91%

Effect of range of motion in heavy load squatting on muscle and tendon adaptations

et al. 2013

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This file was dowloaded from the institutional repository Brage NIH -brage.bibsys.no/nih Bloomquist, K. L., Langberg, H. C., Karlsen, S., Madsgaard, S., Boesen, M., Raastad, T. (2013 AbstractPurpose Manipulating joint range of motion during squat training may have differential effects on adaptations to strength training with implications for sports and rehabilitation. Consequently, the purpose of this study was to compare the effects of squat training with a short vs. a long range of motion.Methods Male students (n=17) were randomly assigned to 12 weeks of progressive squat training (repetition matched, repetition maximum sets) performed as either a) deep squat (0-120˚ of knee flexion); n=8 (DS) or (b) shallow squat (0-60˚ of knee flexion); n=9 (SS). Strength (1 RM and isometric strength), jump performance, muscle architecture and cross-sectional area (CSA) of the thigh muscles, as well as CSA and collagen synthesis in the patellar tendon, were assessed before and after the intervention. ResultsThe DS group increased 1RM in both the SS and DS with ~20±3%, while the SS group achieved a 36±4% increase in the SS, and 9±2% in the DS (P<0.05). However, the main finding was that DS training resulted in superior increases in front thigh muscle CSA (4-7%) compared to SS training, whereas no differences were observed in patellar tendon CSA. In parallel with the larger increase in front thigh muscle CSA, a superior increase in isometric knee extension strength at 75˚(6±2%) and 105˚(8±1%) knee flexion, and squat-jump performance (15±3%), were observed in the DS group compared to the SS group. ConclusionTraining deep squats elicited favourable adaptations on knee extensor muscle size and function compared to training shallow squats.Running title: Squat range of motion and musculotendinous adaptations 3

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Section: Patellar Tendon Propertiessupporting

confidence: 91%

Effect of range of motion in heavy load squatting on muscle and tendon adaptations

et al. 2013

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“…material properties), our results also revealed a significant increase in the CSA of the AT following the reference and long strain duration protocol training. Several studies in the past years reported increases in tendon CSA following long-term exercise-induced loading, indicating that hypertrophy is an important mechanism for tendon adaptation (Arampatzis et al, 2007;Couppé et al, 2008;Houghton et al, 2013;Kongsgaard et al, 2007;Seynnes et al, 2009). Furthermore, the loading applied in the exercise protocols of the present study (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human achilles tendon plasticity in response to cyclic strain: effect of rate and duration

Böhm

Mersmann

Tettke

et al. 2014

Journal of Experimental Biology

180

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High strain magnitude and low strain frequency are important stimuli for tendon adaptation. Increasing the rate and duration of the applied strain may enhance the adaptive responses. Therefore, our purpose was to investigate the effect of strain rate and duration on Achilles tendon adaptation. The study included two experimental groups (N=14 and N=12) and a control group (N=13). The participants of the experimental groups exercised according to a reference protocol (14 weeks, four times a week), featuring a high strain magnitude (~6.5%) and a low strain frequency (0.17 Hz, 3 s loading/3 s relaxation) on one leg and with either a higher strain rate (one-legged jumps) or a longer strain duration (12 s loading) on the other leg. The strain magnitude and loading volume were similar in all protocols. Before and after the interventions, the tendon stiffness, Young's modulus and cross-sectional area were examined using magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound and dynamometry. The reference and long strain duration protocols induced significantly increased (P<0.05) tendon stiffness (57% and 25%), cross-sectional area (4.2% and 5.3%) and Young's modulus (51% and 17%). The increases in tendon stiffness and Young's modulus were higher in the reference protocol. Although region-specific tendon hypertrophy was also detected after the high strain rate training, there was only a tendency of increased stiffness (P=0.08) and cross-sectional area (P=0.09). The control group did not show any changes (P=0.86). The results provide evidence that a high strain magnitude, an appropriate strain duration and repetitive loading are essential components for an efficient adaptive stimulus for tendons.

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“…Recent reports demonstrate that young human tendons respond to physical activity by increasing tendon size, which is accompanied by altered functional mechanical properties Seynnes et al 2009). In animal models, aging is associated with an increase in tendon cross-sectional area (Nakagawa et al 1996;Birch et al 1999), and in humans, the Achilles tendon, but not the patellar tendon, appears to undergo hypertrophy with aging (Magnusson et al 2003;Carroll et al 2008).…”

Section: Tendon Dimensionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The connective tissue of tendon has traditionally been considered relatively inert, but several reports demonstrate that young human tendons respond to physical activity by increased metabolic activity Kalliokoski et al 2005), and collagen synthesis (Langberg et al 1999(Langberg et al , 2001, increased size and altered mechanical properties Seynnes et al 2009;Arampatzis et al 2007). In fact, human studies have shown that endurance runners have larger patellar tendon and Achilles tendon cross-sectional area (CSA; hypertrophy), which lowers the tendon stress Magnusson et al 2007;Rosager et al 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life-long endurance running is associated with reduced glycation and mechanical stress in connective tissue

Couppé

Svensson

Grosset

et al. 2014

AGE

108

103

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Life-long regular endurance exercise is known to counteract the deterioration of cardiovascular and metabolic function and overall mortality. Yet it remains unknown if life-long regular endurance exercise can influence the connective tissue accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) that is associated with aging and lifestyle-related diseases. We therefore examined two groups of healthy elderly men: 15 master athletes (64±4 years) who had been engaged in life-long endurance running and 12 old untrained (66±4 years) together with two groups of healthy young men; ten young athletes matched for running distance (26±4 years), and 12 young untrained (24±3 years). AGE cross-links (pentosidine) of the patellar tendon AGE (2014) were measured biochemically, and in the skin, it was assessed by a fluorometric method. In addition, we determined mechanical properties and microstructure of the patellar tendon. Life-long regular endurance runners (master athletes) had a 21 % lower AGE cross-link density compared to old untrained. Furthermore, both master athletes and young athletes displayed a thicker patellar tendon. These cross-sectional data suggest that life-long regular endurance running can partly counteract the aging process in connective tissue by reducing age-related accumulation of AGEs. This may not only benefit skin and tendon but also other long-lived protein tissues in the body. Furthermore, it appears that endurance running yields tendon tissue hypertrophy that may serve to lower the stress on the tendon and thereby reduce the risk of injury.

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Training-induced changes in structural and mechanical properties of the patellar tendon are related to muscle hypertrophy but not to strength gains

Cited by 221 publications

References 50 publications

Effect of range of motion in heavy load squatting on muscle and tendon adaptations

Effect of range of motion in heavy load squatting on muscle and tendon adaptations

Human achilles tendon plasticity in response to cyclic strain: effect of rate and duration

Life-long endurance running is associated with reduced glycation and mechanical stress in connective tissue

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