“…16,27,29 Nonetheless, issues pertaining ethics, dedicated facilities, equipment, veterinarian support, availability of general anaesthesia and preparation of the animal, including intensive bowel cleansing (in the case of colorectal ESD), euthanasia or follow-up care (when performing survival studies), as well as financial considerations may limit its use. 11,15,25,27,30 Animal models have been incorporated in ESD training programmes by different groups. Although previous papers have focused on feasibility of ESD, validation of the model itself has not been formally demonstrated.…”