Training Enhances Immune Cells Mitochondrial Biosynthesis, Fission, Fusion, and Their Antioxidant Capabilities Synergistically with Dietary Docosahexaenoic Supplementation

Abstract

Exercise training induces adaptations in mitochondrial metabolism, dynamics, and oxidative protection. Omega-3 fatty acids change membrane lipid composition and modulate mitochondrial function. The aim was to investigate the effect of 8-week training and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) supplementation (1.14 g/day) on the mitochondria dynamics and antioxidant status in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from sportsmen. Subjects were assigned to an intervention (N = 9) or placebo groups (N = 7) in a randomized double-blind trial. Nutritional intervention significantly increased the DHA content in erythrocyte membranes from the experimental group. No significant differences were reported in terms of circulating PBMCs, Mn-superoxide dismutase protein levels, and their capability to produce reactive oxygen species. The proteins related to mitochondrial dynamics were, in general, increased after an 8-week training and this increase was enhanced by DHA supplementation. The content in mitofusins Mtf-1 and Mtf-2, optic atrophy protein-1 (Opa-1), and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) were significantly higher in the DHA-supplemented group after intervention. Cytochrome c oxidase (COX-IV) activity and uncoupling proteins UCP-2 and UCP-3 protein levels were increased after training, with higher UCP-3 levels in the supplemented group. In conclusion, training induced mitochondrial adaptations which may contribute to improved mitochondrial function. This mitochondrial response was modulated by DHA supplementation.

Supplementation with dietary ω‐3 mitigates immobilization‐induced reductions in skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiration in young women

“…Therefore, our data suggest that the activation of mitochondrial protein turnover was initiated rapidly in favor of protein loss; however, it is possible that the removal of mitochondrial subunits may take longer than 3 d to occur. Further, the beneficial effect of v-3 supplementation on mitochondrial dynamics proteins established in other dietary models (29)(30)(31) could be a potential explanation for the maintained mitochondrial respiration and protein expression during immobilization. Combined, these data highlight the plasticity and rapid remodeling of mitochondria in association with muscle disuse and indicates as little as 3-d of disuse is sufficient to decrease mitochondrial respiratory function.…”

Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated with Oxidative Stress and Proinflammatory State

“…Venous blood samples of the participants in the study were assembled after 12 h of overnight fasted conditions from the antecubital vein in suitable vacutainers with EDTA as anticoagulant. The PBMCs fraction was purified from fresh whole blood and isolated following the protocol Separation of White Blood Cells [25] described before, using the reagent Ficoll-Paque PLUS (GE Healthcare Bio-Sciences AB, Uppsala, Sweden) [26,27]. Concisely, 6 mL of blood was introduced on 4 mL of Ficoll (proportion 1.5:1) and was then centrifuged at 900× g, for 30 min at 4 • C. Then, the plasma and the Ficoll phases were discarded and PBMCs layer was washed with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at pH 7.4.…”

Effect of Free Fatty Acids on Inflammatory Gene Expression and Hydrogen Peroxide Production by Ex Vivo Blood Mononuclear Cells

“…The primers used and the amplification conditions are shown in Table 1. The relative quantification was done considering 2 (−∆∆Ct) and referring to the values of the control group as 1. production was measured before and after PBMCs incubation for 2 h in duplicate after immune stimulation with LPS using 2,7-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate (DCFH-DA, Sigma-Aldrich, Madrid, Spain) as an indicator [7]. In a 96-well microplate, 50 µL of PBMCs suspension (before and after incubation for 2 h) of every sample, 50 µL of DCFH-DA (30 µg/mL), and 50 µL LPS (1 µg/mL) in PBS was added.…”

“…PBMCs also express 2 of 13 nuclear receptors such as peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPAR) [4], which mediate fatty acid (FAs) effects on lipid metabolism, and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) [5], which modulate the immune response though gene expression regulation. Previous reports showed the utility of PBMCs in evidencing the effects of a functional food, training, and acute exercise on mitochondrial oxidative balance, mitochondrial biosynthesis and dynamics, and antioxidant capabilities [6,7].…”