Training, Certification, and Experience of Handwriting Analysts

Using Gestalt Graphology to Identify Entrepreneurial Leadership

“…Setting the significance level at .05, 25 or more successes would be sufficient to reject the null hypothesis. The contamination of text discussed by several authors (Frederick, 1965;Rafaeli & Klirnosh, 1983;Keinan, et al, 1984;Ben-Shakhar, et al, 1986;Peeples, 1990) was a particularly important issue in this study. There were data that could identlfy the writer as something other than an entrepreneur.…”

The function of the semiotic principle in establishing the claims of a pseudo or proto-science (graphology) to the status of empirical science

“…Low inira-rater reliability, on the other hand, is simply due to poor graphological training or a lack of understanding of the need for standard correlations. Peeples (1990) and Williams (1989) point out that low intra-rater reliability in some graphologists pulls down reliability as a whole. Peeples analyzes this in terms of training, noting the many different schools of graphology.…”