Trained Immunity: Linking Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease across the Life-Course?

Bekkering, Siroon; Saner, Christoph; Riksen, Niels P.; Netea, Mihai G.; Sabin, Matthew A.; Saffery, Richard; Stienstra, Rinke; Burgner, David

doi:10.1016/j.tem.2020.01.008

Cited by 40 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…It is well established that the enlarged fat cells (hypertrophic adipocytes) in the expanded fat mass in people with obesity are characterized by a proinflammatory phenotype, which is closely associated with obesity-related complications and NCDs such as type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and several types of cancer [ 29 , 30 ]. In addition to detrimental autocrine and paracrine effects of a proinflammatory adipose tissue microenvironment in obesity, increased secretion of multiple proinflammatory cytokines (for example, interleukin-6 [IL-6] [ 32 , 33 ]) together with reduced secretion of adiponectin by obese adipose tissue seem to contribute to sustained low-grade systemic inflammation in obesity and obesity-related NCDs in humans [ 29 , 30 , 34 , 35 ].…”

Section: Obesity and Covid-19: Shared Immunological Perturbationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Intriguingly, a growing body of evidence supports the notion that impaired immunological responses to infection in people living with obesity are driven by perturbations in T cell activation and function [35]. Interestingly, recent studies have demonstrated that the innate immune system, like the adaptive immune system, is able to adopt a long-term activated phenotype by previous encounters with microbial stimuli, leading to an increased immune response upon secondary stimulation (“trained innate immunity”) [34]. Although the association between obesity and trained immunity remains elusive, several known inducers of trained immunity such as cytokines and (saturated) fatty acids are elevated in people with obesity [34].…”

Section: Obesity and Covid-19: Shared Immunological Perturbationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Obesity and COVID-19: A Perspective from the European Association for the Study of Obesity on Immunological Perturbations, Therapeutic Challenges, and Opportunities in Obesity

et al. 2020

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Accumulating evidence suggests that obesity is a major risk factor for the initiation, progression, and outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), as a scientific and medical society dedicated to the promotion of health and well-being, is greatly concerned about the concomitant obesity and COVID-19 pandemics and their impact on health and society at large. In this perspective, we will address the inherent immunological perturbations and alterations in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in patients with obesity and COVID-19, and discuss how these impairments may underlie the increased susceptibility and more detrimental outcomes of COVID-19 in people with obesity. Clearly, this has important implications for preventive measures, vaccination, and future therapeutic strategies to combat COVID-19. Furthermore, we will highlight important knowledge gaps and provide suggestions for future research and recommendations for policy actions. Since many new reports on COVID-19 rapidly appear, the present perspective should be seen as a focus for discussion to drive forward further understanding, research initiatives, and clinical management of COVID-19.

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Section: Obesity and Covid-19: Shared Immunological Perturbationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Obesity and Covid-19: Shared Immunological Perturbationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obesity and COVID-19: A Perspective from the European Association for the Study of Obesity on Immunological Perturbations, Therapeutic Challenges, and Opportunities in Obesity

et al. 2020

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“…Training leads to a more vigorous response toward a second activating challenge, and this condition may be retained for a long period. This innate memory gives rise to an elevated inflammatory set point of innate immune cells, which is mediated through alterations in their progenitor cells (53). Exposure to adverse metabolic stimuli induces epigenetic changes during early development of these immature innate immune cells, which facilitate the expression of inflammatory genes.…”

Section: Dietmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Obesity and Lifestyle on the Immune System and Susceptibility to Infections Such as COVID-19

et al. 2020

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Background: COVID-19 is a global challenge to healthcare. Obesity is common in patients with COVID-19 and seems to aggravate disease prognosis. In this review we explore the link between obesity, chronic disease, lifestyle factors and the immune system, and propose societal interventions to enhance global immunity.Search Strategy and Selection Criteria: We performed three literature searches using the keywords (1) coronavirus AND comorbidities, (2) comorbidities AND immune system, and (3) lifestyle factors AND immune system. Results were screened for relevance by the main author and a total of 215 articles were thoroughly analyzed.Results: The relationship between obesity and unfavorable COVID-19 prognosis is discussed in light of the impact of chronic disease and lifestyle on the immune system. Several modifiable lifestyle factors render us susceptible to viral infections. In this context, we make a case for fostering a healthy lifestyle on a global scale.Conclusions: Obesity, additional chronic disease and an unhealthy lifestyle interactively impair immune function and increase the risk of severe infectious disease. In adverse metabolic and endocrine conditions, the immune system is geared toward inflammation. Collective effort is needed to ameliorate modifiable risk factors for obesity and chronic disease on a global scale and increase resistance to viruses like SARS-CoV-2.

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“…In obese state, the secretion of proinflammatory adipokines, such as leptin, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β, are upregulated, but anti-inflammatory adipokines are downregulated, especially adiponectin [5,99]. The chronic low-grade inflammation that contributes to the innate immune system might be already in a "primed state" that could promote an hyperinflammatory response [100,101]. Thus, the obese state may amplify the proinflammatory response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and induce more serious cardiovascular damage compared to the nonobese state [100,101].…”

Section: Diabetes In Cvd Patients With Covid-19mentioning

confidence: 99%

C1q Complement/Tumor Necrosis Factor-Associated Proteins in Cardiovascular Disease and COVID-19

et al. 2021

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With continually improving treatment strategies and patient care, the overall mortality of cardiovascular disease (CVD) has been significantly reduced. However, this success is a double-edged sword, as many patients who survive cardiovascular complications will progress towards a chronic disorder over time. A family of adiponectin paralogs designated as C1q complement/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-associated proteins (CTRPs) has been found to play a role in the development of CVD. CTRPs, which are comprised of 15 members, CTRP1 to CTRP15, are secreted from different organs/tissues and exhibit diverse functions, have attracted increasing attention because of their roles in maintaining inner homeostasis by regulating metabolism, inflammation, and immune surveillance. In particular, studies indicate that CTRPs participate in the progression of CVD, influencing its prognosis. This review aims to improve understanding of the role of CTRPs in the cardiovascular system by analyzing current knowledge. In particular, we examine the association of CTRPs with endothelial cell dysfunction, inflammation, and diabetes, which are the basis for development of CVD. Additionally, the recently emerged novel coronavirus (COVID-19), officially known as severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), has been found to trigger severe cardiovascular injury in some patients, and evidence indicates that the mortality of COVID-19 is much higher in patients with CVD than without CVD. Understanding the relationship of CTRPs and the SARS-CoV-2-related damage to the cardiovascular system, as well as the potential mechanisms, will achieve a profound insight into a therapeutic strategy to effectively control CVD and reduce the mortality rate.

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Trained Immunity: Linking Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease across the Life-Course?

Cited by 40 publications

References 95 publications

Obesity and COVID-19: A Perspective from the European Association for the Study of Obesity on Immunological Perturbations, Therapeutic Challenges, and Opportunities in Obesity

Obesity and COVID-19: A Perspective from the European Association for the Study of Obesity on Immunological Perturbations, Therapeutic Challenges, and Opportunities in Obesity

The Impact of Obesity and Lifestyle on the Immune System and Susceptibility to Infections Such as COVID-19

C1q Complement/Tumor Necrosis Factor-Associated Proteins in Cardiovascular Disease and COVID-19

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