Trail Making Test: Normative data for the Latin American Spanish-speaking pediatric population

Abstract

Abstract. OBJECTIVE:To generate normative data for the Trail Making Test (TMT) in Spanish-speaking pediatric populations. METHOD: The sample consisted of 3,337 healthy children from nine countries in Latin America (Chile, Cuba, Ecuador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Puerto Rico) and Spain. Each participant was administered the TMT as part of a larger neuropsychological battery. The TMT-A and TMT-B scores were normed using multiple linear regressions and standard deviations of residual values. Age, age 2 , sex, and mean level of parental education (MLPE) were included as predictors in the analyses. RESULTS:The final multiple linear regression models showed main effects for age on both scores, such that as children needed less time to complete the test while they become older. TMT-A scores were affected by age 2 for all countries except, Cuba, Guatemala, and Puerto. TMT-B scores were affected by age 2 for all countries except, Guatemala and Puerto Rico. Models indicated that children whose parent(s) had a MLPE >12 years of education needed less time to complete the test compared to children whose parent(s) had a MLPE ≤12 years for Mexico and Paraguay in TMT-A scores; and Ecuador, Mexico, Paraguay, and Spain for TMT-B scores. Sex affected TMT-A scores for Chile, Cuba, Mexico, and Peru, in that boys needed less time to complete the test than girls. Sex did not affect TMT-B scores. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest Spanish-speaking pediatric normative study in the world, and it will allow neuropsychologists from these countries to have a more accurate approach to interpret the TMT in pediatric populations.

Regression-Based Normative Data for Independent and Cognitively Active Spanish Older Adults: Free and Cued Selective Reminding Test, Rey–Osterrieth Complex Figure Test and Judgement of Line Orientation

“…A neuropsychological assessment is based on the administration of standardised neurocognitive tests, in order to analyse the cognitive changes after brain damage [ 18 , 19 ]. It is essential to have reliable and suitable normative values, accounting for the effect of sociodemographic and cultural variables, in order to reduce the risk of misdiagnosis [ 20 , 21 , 22 ], determine the level of performance in the neuropsychological tests [ 23 ] and interpret the results obtained by a given subject by contrasting them with the performance of the reference group [ 18 , 24 ]. Normative data can be developed following three different strategies: mean and standard deviation scores, multiple regression and ROC curves.…”

Developmental Dynamic Dysphasia: Are Bilateral Brain Abnormalities a Signature of Inefficient Neural Plasticity?

“…Subject D was evaluated with the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) (Wechsler, 1974) and the Raven Colored Progressive Matrices (RCPM) (Raven et al, 1975). Memory was examined with the Test of Memory and Learning (TOMAL) (Reynolds and Bigler, 1994) and executive functions were tested with the Trail-Making Test (TMT) (Reitan, 1958;Arango-Lasprilla et al, 2017), the Hayling Sentence Completion Test (HSCT) (Burgess and Shallice, 1997;Abusamra et al, 2007;Cartoceti et al, 2008), the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) (Grant and Berg, 1948;Heaton et al, 2009) and the Stroop Test (Stroop, 1935).…”

Analyse möglicher Zusammenhänge zwischen der körperlichen Ausdauerleistung und der kognitiven Leistung sowie der individuellen Alpha-Peak-Frequenz bei älteren Personen mit Typ-2 Diabetes mellitus

“…Der Trail Making Test (TMT) ist einer der häufigsten verwendeten Testmethoden in der klinischen Arbeit und Forschung [10]. Er dient der Messung allgemeiner neuropsychologischer Funktionen wie Aufmerksamkeit, visuomotorische Verarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit und Exekutivfunktionen [11,12]. Er enthält zwei Teile TMT-A und TMT-B, wobei die Testperson eine Minute Zeit für jeden Test bekommt.…”