Trail Making Test: Normative data for Turkish elderly population by age, sex and education

Cangöz, Banu; Karakoç, Ebru; Selekler, Kaynak

doi:10.1016/j.jns.2009.02.313

Cited by 79 publications

(56 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Verbal working memory was measured through the Digits-Backwards span (DB), a subtest of the Wechsler memory scale [34], information processing speed and attention were measured through the Symbol-Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) [35], and mental flexibility and executive control were measured through the Trail Making Tests A and B. The cognitive tests utilized in the study are widely used in neuropsychological examinations and their test-retest reliabilities have been previously reported by other studies (for EM see [36], for DB see [37], for SDMT see [38], and for Trails A and B see [39]). Missing data (<5%) for cognitive measures were imputed using the EM algorithm from SPSS.…”

Section: Cognitive Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortical gyrification and its relationships with cortical volume, cortical thickness, and cognitive performance in healthy mid-life adults

Gautam

Anstey

Wang

et al. 2015

Behavioural Brain Research

112

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Section: Cognitive Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cortical gyrification and its relationships with cortical volume, cortical thickness, and cognitive performance in healthy mid-life adults

Gautam

Anstey

Wang

et al. 2015

Behavioural Brain Research

112

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“…We anticipated that subjects who used computers extensively would show increased drawing precision and speed. Sex, on the other hand, has inconsistent effects on TMT performance, with some studies reporting small male advantages [8, 21, 25, 26], while others report insignificant differences [4, 27] or faster completion times in women [23]. …”

Section: Experiments 1: the Effects Of Age Education Computer-use Amentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effects of Aging, Malingering, and Traumatic Brain Injury on Computerized Trail-Making Test Performance

et al. 2015

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The trail making test (TMT) is widely used to assess speed of processing and executive function. However, normative data sets gathered at different sites show significant inconsistencies. Here, we describe a computerized version of the TMT (C-TMT) that increases the precision and replicability of the TMT by permitting a segment-by-segment analysis of performance and separate analyses of dwell-time, move-time, and error time. Experiment 1 examined 165 subjects of various ages and found that completion times on both the C-TMT-A (where subjects connect successively numbered circles) and the C-TMT-B (where subjects connect circles containing alternating letters and numbers) were strongly influenced by age. Experiment 2 examined 50 subjects who underwent three test sessions. The results of the first test session were well fit by the normative data gathered in Experiment 1. Sessions 2 and 3 demonstrated significant learning effects, particularly on the C-TMT-B, and showed good test-retest reliability. Experiment 3 examined performance in subjects instructed to feign symptoms of traumatic brain injury: 44% of subjects produced abnormal completion times on the C-TMT-A, and 18% on the C-TMT-B. Malingering subjects could be distinguished from abnormally slow controls based on (1) disproportionate increases in dwell-time on the C-TMT-A, and (2) greater deficits on the C-TMT-A than on the C-TMT-B. Experiment 4 examined the performance of 28 patients with traumatic brain injury: C-TMT-B completion times were slowed, and TBI patients showed reduced movement velocities on both tests. The C-TMT improves the reliability and sensitivity of the trail making test of processing speed and executive function.

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“…Episodic memory was measured with the first list of the California Verbal learning Test for both immediate and delayed recall (Delis et al, 1987). The cognitive tests utilized in the study are widely used in neuropsychological examinations and their test-retest reliabilities have been previously reported by other studies (for EM see Paolo et al, 1997, for DB see Iverson, 2001, for SDM see Hinton-Bayre and Geffen, 2005, and for Trails A and B see Cangoz et al, 2009). Missing data for cognitive measures were imputed using the EM imputation from SPSS.…”

Section: Cognitive Measuresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Relationships between cognitive function and frontal grey matter volumes and thickness in middle aged and early old-aged adults: The PATH Through Life Study

et al. 2011

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The study examined the relationship of lateral frontal cortical volume and thickness with cognitive function in two samples of healthy middle aged (MA, 44-48 years old) and early old-age (OA, 64-68 years old) adults. T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired in 400 MA and 397 OA adults from respective random community samples. Cortical volumes and thickness were measured with a surface-based segmentation procedure (http://surfer.nmr.mgh.harvard.edu). Volumes of lateral frontal grey matter were found to be significantly lower for OA than MA. Structure-function relationships were investigated using path analyses. In OA, smaller lateral frontal volumes were associated with better episodic memory (EM) (p<0.012, B=-0.117), and Symbol-Digit Modalities Test (SDM) (p<0.031, B=-0.118) performance. Smaller frontal cortical thickness was also associated with better EM (p<0.01) and SDM (p<0.01) performance in OA. However, in MA greater cortical thickness was associated with better EM and (p<0.01) and reaction time (RT) (p<0.01). OA cohort showed significant positive correlations between Total Brain Volume and SDM, Digit-Backwards span and RT. Possible explanations and implications of the relationships in the context of cognitive aging in healthy adults, and limitations of cross-sectional research are discussed.

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Trail Making Test: Normative data for Turkish elderly population by age, sex and education

Cited by 79 publications

References 27 publications

Cortical gyrification and its relationships with cortical volume, cortical thickness, and cognitive performance in healthy mid-life adults

Cortical gyrification and its relationships with cortical volume, cortical thickness, and cognitive performance in healthy mid-life adults

The Effects of Aging, Malingering, and Traumatic Brain Injury on Computerized Trail-Making Test Performance

Relationships between cognitive function and frontal grey matter volumes and thickness in middle aged and early old-aged adults: The PATH Through Life Study

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