Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Asthma Onset in Children: A Prospective Cohort Study with Individual Exposure Measurement

Jerrett, Michael; Shankardass, Ketan; Berhane, Kiros; Gauderman, W. James; Künzli, Nino; Avol, Edward L.; Gilliland, Frank D.; Lurmann, Fred; Molitor, John; Thomas, Duncan C.; Peters, John; McConnell, Rob

doi:10.1289/ehp.10968

Cited by 278 publications

(176 citation statements)

References 51 publications

(64 reference statements)

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“…Though many studies of the chronic health effects associated with long-term exposure to air pollution (often from large, well-known cohorts) examine the use of an alternative exposure metric in an epidemiologic study (Adar et al 2013;Brauer et al 2002;Jerrett et al 2008;Puett et al 2011;Young et al 2014;Zmirou et al 2004), only the seven studies found by the authors and described below examine multiple approaches to exposure assessment, and include comparison of the epidemiologic results obtained when using each exposure metric. However, many manuscripts lacked definitive conclusions about which exposure metric was most beneficial, and the wide range of health outcomes, exposure metrics, and exposure durations of interest used make it difficult to draw larger conclusions from these studies.…”

Section: Studies Of Chronic Health Effects Associated With Long-term mentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of the exposure metric in air pollution epidemiology studies: When does it matter, and why?

Dionisio

Baxter

Burke

et al. 2015

Air Qual Atmos Health

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Exposure error in ambient air pollution epidemiologic studies may introduce bias and/or attenuation of the health risk estimate, reduce statistical significance, and lower statistical power. Alternative exposure metrics are increasingly being used in place of central-site measurements, with the intent of reducing exposure error. Dependent on the study design, health outcome, and pollutant of interest, these metrics may provide a means of reducing error (leading to less bias and uncertainty in health risk estimates) if they capture variability in exposure which is not represented when central-site measurements are used. We examine the current evidence for answering the question of when the choice of exposure metric matters and why, focusing on studies which examined multiple exposure metrics in the same epidemiologic study. We conclude that for timeseries and case-crossover studies, central-site measurements may be sufficient, especially for homogeneous pollutants, and in cohort and panel studies, approaches that increase spatial resolution of the exposure metrics do impact the health effect estimates. We note that while the current literature is widely dispersed across exposure metrics and health outcomes, the largest collective, common body of literature is focused on birth/pregnancy outcomes and traffic-related pollution. Also additional discussion and agreement is needed on how to classify metrics as Bdifferent^and Bbetter.^Primary recommendations are to provide context for the reasons behind selection of exposure metrics and to encourage collaboration between exposure scientists and epidemiologists when designing and implementing a study, as results can have important implications for the development of policies and regulations.

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Section: Studies Of Chronic Health Effects Associated With Long-term mentioning

confidence: 99%

The importance of the exposure metric in air pollution epidemiology studies: When does it matter, and why?

Dionisio

Baxter

Burke

et al. 2015

Air Qual Atmos Health

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“…Four other studies have undertaken their own measurements campaigns and used averaged and temporally adjusted measurements to reflect the populations' exposure, either in isolation or alongside other metrics (Brauer et al, 2002;Nicolai et al, 2003;Gauderman et al, 2005;Jerrett et al, 2008,).…”

Section: Averaged Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to Traffic-related Air Pollution and the Onset of Childhood Asthma: A Review of the Literature and the Assement Methods Used

Jadaan

Khreis

Török

2017

Period. Polytech. Transp. Eng.

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The overall objective of this study is to examine the literature investigating the associations between traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) IntroductionAir pollution is a commonly recognized external cost of the use of motor vehicles (Barabas, 2013). In many urban areas nowadays, road traffic is the principal source of outdoor air pollution which has been recently linked to around 4 million global preventable deaths per annum (Solvang Jensen 1999;Colvile et al., 2001;European Environment Agency 2007; Health Effects Institute 2010; World Health Organization, 2014a). Despite many air quality improvements in recent decades, air pollution continues to pose a significant threat to human health and wellbeing worldwide (World Health Organization, 2006;Lim et al., 2013;Vidal, 2014). In particular, traffic-related air pollution is a key component to the ambient air pollution mix in present urban areas, and has been linked to a wide spectrum of global disease (Health Effects Institute, 2010).In this study, the term traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) refers to the concentrations of primary and secondary air pollutants, elevated above background levels due to motor vehicles emissions. Traffic-related primary pollutants include carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NO x ), ammonia (NH 3 ), particulate matter (PM), and hydrocarbons (HC). Traffic-related secondary pollutants are those formed mainly by the various chemical reactions which take place in the atmosphere such as ozone (O 3 ), secondary particulates and secondary NO 2 .In particular, recent research provides evidence indicating that significant associations exist between residential trafficrelated pollutant levels and asthma occurrences (Brauer et al., 2007;Salam et al., 2008).With childhood asthma currently being a condition that has a profound impact on the quality of life for a large number of the population, especially in childhood; when individuals are most vulnerable, working towards establishing a clearer understanding of the interactions between a common exposure such as that to TRAP and the onset/ prevalence of the disease is clearly a priority. Such an understanding may be offering a partial explanation of the relatively rapid changes in prevalence, in times when traffic air pollution and certain fleets became more dominant. This study aims at examining the question of whether earlylife exposure to TRAP can cause asthma to develop in children and highlight the current limitations in the evidence base. Traffic-related air pollution and childhood asthmaA sharp rise in the prevalence and incidence of asthma has been reported in many parts of the world, and particularly in the more developed and industrialized societies (

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“…Outros estudos usaram métodos combinados para avaliar a exposição ao tráfego 55,56 . Outros métodos de avaliação da exposição aos poluentes veiculares, como por exemplo, o uso de questionários, em que são reportados os níveis de tráfego, monitores instalados em residências, amostradores pessoais ou passivos e dados de estação de monitoramentos também são aplicáveis [57][58][59][60][61] .…”

Section: Avaliação Da Exposição à Poluição Relacionada Ao Tráfegounclassified

Poluição veicular e saúde da população: uma revisão sobre o município de São Paulo (SP), Brasil

Toledo

Nardocci

2011

Rev. bras. epidemiol.

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ResumoIntrodução: A poluição do ar é um problema importante para o município de São Paulo, cuja maior fonte são os veículos. Cerca de 11 milhões de habitantes estão expostos a essa poluição. Objetivo: Analisar os estudos realizados sobre a poluição do ar e seus efeitos na saúde da população do município de São Paulo e sobre méto-dos de avaliação da exposição à poluição relacionada ao tráfego. Métodos: Foi realizado um levantamento bibliográfico com os descritores "air pollution", "São Paulo" e "traffic-related air pollution". Resultados: Foram obtidos vários estudos que verificaram relações entre a poluição do ar no município de São Paulo e problemas respiratórios e cardiovasculares, crescimento fetal, aumento na mortalidade e hospitalizações, particularmente em idosos e crianças. Para estimativa da exposição, a maioria destes estudos considera a distribuição isotrópica dos poluentes para toda a área, o que impede a avaliação da influência do tráfego. Vários métodos têm sido utilizados para avaliação da exposição da população à poluição relacionada ao trá-fego, os quais podem ser utilizados isoladamente ou em conjunto. Acredita-se que a associação de modelos para cálculo das concentrações de poluentes a métodos de georreferenciamento seja a abordagem adequada para o município de São Paulo. As vantagens do uso destes métodos são a capacidade de identificar situações e áreas prioritárias, obtenção de informações detalhadas para adoção de medidas ou políticas públicas e a simulação de diferentes cenários. Conclusão: A aplicação destes métodos, em estudos no município de São Paulo, depende da melhoria dos dados de entrada dos modelos, o aprimoramento da rede de monitoramento do ar e de condições meteorológicas e dados do volume de tráfego.Palavras-chave: poluição do ar; exposição ambiental; saúde pública; efeitos adversos; saúde ambiental. Rev Bras Epidemiol AbstractIntroduction: Air pollution is an important problem for São Paulo city and vehicles are the main source. About 11 million people are exposed to this pollution. Objective: To examine studies realized about air pollution and its effects on health of the population of São Paulo (Brazil) and methods of assessing exposure to pollution related to traffic. Methods: We performed a literature review using the keywords "air pollution", "São Paulo", and traffic-related air pollution. Results: As results were obtained several studies that found relation between air pollution in São Paulo and respiratory and cardiovascular problems, fetal growth, increased mortality and hospitalizations, particularly in children and elderly people. In order to estimate the exposure, most of these studies consider the isotropic distribution of pollutants throughout the area, what prevents the evaluation of and the influence of traffic. Several methods have been used to analyze the air traffic exposure, which can be used isolated or combined. It is believed that the combination of models used to calculate pollutant concentrations to methods of georeferencing is the most appropriate ap...

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Traffic-Related Air Pollution and Asthma Onset in Children: A Prospective Cohort Study with Individual Exposure Measurement

Cited by 278 publications

References 51 publications

The importance of the exposure metric in air pollution epidemiology studies: When does it matter, and why?

The importance of the exposure metric in air pollution epidemiology studies: When does it matter, and why?

Exposure to Traffic-related Air Pollution and the Onset of Childhood Asthma: A Review of the Literature and the Assement Methods Used

Poluição veicular e saúde da população: uma revisão sobre o município de São Paulo (SP), Brasil

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