“…Competency-based education is underpinned by professional competency standards, and the publication of these standards allows governments, practitioners, educators, trainees, and the public to understand the role and expectations for health professionals in today's society (Cate et al, 2015;Pharmacy Council of New Zealand, 2015). Competency standards refer to the various skills, attitudes, values, and beliefs gained by individuals throughout both their training and clinical experience, which allow for effective practice in the healthcare profession and guide curriculum development for educational programmes (Nash et al, 2016). Although competency standards have improved education and regulation of professions, there is growing evidence that there is inconsistency in how professionals conceptualise, value, and assess competency outcomes (Ginsburg et al, 2010;Hanson, Resenberg & Lane, 2013;Eva, 2018).…”