“Traffic intervention” policy fails to mitigate air pollution in megacity Delhi

Chowdhury, Sourangsu; Dey, Sagnik; Tripathi, Sachchida Nand; Beig, Gufran; Mishra, Amit Kumar; Sharma, Sumit

doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2017.04.018

Cited by 88 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Household interventions may be more socially acceptable and easier to implement than other forms of interventions (25) such as traffic restrictions (25)(26)(27) and industry closures that are often perceived as a hindrance to economic growth and disruptive of daily routines. However, despite aggressive new programs to provide clean energy to households, significant challenges remain in ensuring sustained use of clean fuels in households that receive an LPG stove (28) and in ensuring reliable and consistent electricity supplies to displace kerosene lamp usage.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indian annual ambient air quality standard is achievable by completely mitigating emissions from household sources

Chowdhury

Dey

Guttikunda³

et al. 2019

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Exposures to ambient and household fine-particulate matter (PM2.5) together are among the largest single causes of premature mortality in India according to the Global Burden of Disease Studies (GBD). Several recent investigations have estimated that household emissions are the largest contributor to ambient PM2.5 exposure in the country. Using satellite-derived district-level PM2.5 exposure and an Eulerian photochemical dispersion model CAMx (Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions), we estimate the benefit in terms of population exposure of mitigating household sources––biomass for cooking, space- and water-heating, and kerosene for lighting. Complete mitigation of emissions from only these household sources would reduce India-wide, population-weighted average annual ambient PM2.5 exposure by 17.5, 11.9, and 1.3%, respectively. Using GBD methods, this translates into reductions in Indian premature mortality of 6.6, 5.5, and 0.6%. If PM2.5 emissions from all household sources are completely mitigated, 103 (of 597) additional districts (187 million people) would meet the Indian annual air-quality standard (40 μg m−3) compared with baseline (2015) when 246 districts (398 million people) met the standard. At 38 μg m−3, after complete mitigation of household sources, compared with 55.1 μg m−3 at baseline, the mean annual national population-based concentration would meet the standard, although highly polluted areas, such as Delhi, would remain out of attainment. Our results support expansion of programs designed to promote clean household fuels and rural electrification to achieve improved air quality at regional scales, which also has substantial additional health benefits from directly reducing household air pollution exposures.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indian annual ambient air quality standard is achievable by completely mitigating emissions from household sources

Chowdhury

Dey

Guttikunda³

et al. 2019

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

Self Cite

179

130

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“…Our pollutant response surfaces go one step further and suggest that joint coordinated emission controls with the NCR region surrounding Delhi would be required to not only achieve a more ambitious reduction of PM 2.5 but also to minimise the risk of O 3 increases. In the regional joint coordination, residential energy use could be a dominant emission sector over a large region in India (Conibear et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…WRF-Chem (v3.9.1) -an online, fully coupled chemistry transport model (Grell et al, 2005) -has been widely used in previous studies of air quality across India (Marrapu et al, 2014;Mohan and Gupta, 2018;Gupta and Mohan, 2015;Mohan and Bhati, 2011). The model has also been used to estimate the health burden (Conibear et al, 2018;Ghude et al, 2016) and reduction in crop yields (Ghude et al, 2014) from the exposure to PM 2.5 and O 3 over India. In this study, we focus on the hot and dry pre-monsoon period in Delhi, when average temperatures are around 32 • C and relative humidity (RH) is about 35 % (Ojha et al, 2012).…”

Section: Wrf-chem Model Baseline Simulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Y. Chen et al: Mitigation of PM 2.5 and ozone pollution in Delhi disease (Pope et al, 2009;Gao et al, 2015;Stafoggia et al, 2019) and reduced visibility (Mukherjee and Toohey, 2016;Wang and Chen, 2019;Khare et al, 2018). The population of India experiences high PM 2.5 exposure, and this is responsible for ∼ 1 million premature deaths per year (Conibear et al, 2018;Gao et al, 2018). Residential emissions are estimated to contribute ∼ 50 % of PM 2.5 concentrations and to cause more than 0.5 million annual mortalities across India (Conibear et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The population of India experiences high PM 2.5 exposure, and this is responsible for ∼ 1 million premature deaths per year (Conibear et al, 2018;Gao et al, 2018). Residential emissions are estimated to contribute ∼ 50 % of PM 2.5 concentrations and to cause more than 0.5 million annual mortalities across India (Conibear et al, 2018). Previous studies reported an annual averaged PM 2.5 loading of 110-140 µg m −3 in Delhi during 2015-2018, leading to ∼ 10 000 premature deaths per year in the city Chowdhury and Dey, 2016;WHO, 2016a).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Mitigation of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and ozone pollution in Delhi: a sensitivity study during the pre-monsoon period

et al. 2020

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Abstract. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and surface ozone (O3) are major air pollutants in megacities such as Delhi, but the design of suitable mitigation strategies is challenging. Some strategies for reducing PM2.5 may have the notable side effect of increasing O3. Here, we demonstrate a numerical framework for investigating the impacts of mitigation strategies on both PM2.5 and O3 in Delhi. We use Gaussian process emulation to generate a computationally efficient surrogate for a regional air quality model (WRF-Chem). This allows us to perform global sensitivity analysis to identify the major sources of air pollution and to generate emission-sector-based pollutant response surfaces to inform mitigation policy development. Based on more than 100 000 emulation runs during the pre-monsoon period (peak O3 season), our global sensitivity analysis shows that local traffic emissions from the Delhi city region and regional transport of pollution emitted from the National Capital Region (NCR) surrounding Delhi are dominant factors influencing PM2.5 and O3 in Delhi. They together govern the O3 peak and PM2.5 concentration during daytime. Regional transport contributes about 80% of the PM2.5 variation during the night. Reducing traffic emissions in Delhi alone (e.g. by 50 %) would reduce PM2.5 by 15 %–20 % but lead to a 20 %–25 % increase in O3. However, we show that reducing NCR regional emissions by 25 %–30 % at the same time would further reduce PM2.5 by 5 %–10 % in Delhi and avoid the O3 increase. This study provides scientific evidence to support the need for joint coordination of controls on local and regional scales to achieve effective reduction in PM2.5 whilst minimising the risk of O3 increase in Delhi.

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Sustainable Latin American Cities? Evaluation of the Sustainability of the City of Puebla (Mexico) Using Indicators

Zulaica¹,

Galindo

Domínguez

2020

Handbook of Quality of Life and Sustainability

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“Traffic intervention” policy fails to mitigate air pollution in megacity Delhi

Cited by 88 publications

References 15 publications

Indian annual ambient air quality standard is achievable by completely mitigating emissions from household sources

Indian annual ambient air quality standard is achievable by completely mitigating emissions from household sources

Mitigation of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and ozone pollution in Delhi: a sensitivity study during the pre-monsoon period

Sustainable Latin American Cities? Evaluation of the Sustainability of the City of Puebla (Mexico) Using Indicators

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“Traffic intervention” policy fails to mitigate air pollution in megacity Delhi

Cited by 88 publications

References 15 publications

Indian annual ambient air quality standard is achievable by completely mitigating emissions from household sources

Indian annual ambient air quality standard is achievable by completely mitigating emissions from household sources

Mitigation of PM&lt;sub&gt;2.5&lt;/sub&gt; and ozone pollution in Delhi: a sensitivity study during the pre-monsoon period

Sustainable Latin American Cities? Evaluation of the Sustainability of the City of Puebla (Mexico) Using Indicators

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Mitigation of PM<sub>2.5</sub> and ozone pollution in Delhi: a sensitivity study during the pre-monsoon period