“…In recent years, there has been an increasing number of institutions and researchers focusing their research on the issue of vehicle emission and urban air pollution (Gühnemann et al, 2004;Zhang et al, 2008;WTO, 2014aWTO, , 2014bTan et al, 2015;Nyhan et al, 2016;Ma et al, 2018). One way to investigate the environmental impact of road traffic is to derive emission inventories, which are used to estimate the total traffic emissions in a specified area, global (Butler et al, 2008; or regional (Zhang et al, 2008), within a specified time span (usually an annual year).…”