Traffic and outdoor air pollution levels near highways in Baghdad, Iraq

Chaichan, Miqdam T.; Kazem, Hussien A.; Abed, Talib K.

doi:10.1007/s10668-016-9900-x

Cited by 79 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 56 publications

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“…Diesel and leaded gasoline are still be used as fuel in Iraq. Also, more recently, the effect of increasing transportation ways including private and public transports and the usage of local generators have increased environmental pollution in Iraq [27]. Whereas, in developed countries, such as the US, banning of the usage of leaded gasoline and the decrease of smelters smokestack emissions have reduced the median of blood lead level in children aged 1-5 years, from 15 μg/dl in the years between 1976 and 1980 to 1.9 μg/dl in the year 1999 [28].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead among children with autism in Iraq. Is it a potential factor?

Alawad¹

2019

Ann Clin Anal Med

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Aim: Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder which affects communication and social interaction of children. It is a heterogeneous disease with various clinical presentations. Some genes are involved in its pathogenesis. It has been suggested that environmental exposure to lead can increase the risk of autism. The aim of our study was to compare blood lead levels among autistic and non-autistic children. Material and Method: This retrospective study included 107 children (60 with autism and 47 without autism) referred from the different Iraqi provinces, in the years 2015, 2016 and 2017, to the poisoning consultation center in Baghdad. Data collection including age, gender, residence, referral source, family history and blood lead levels was taken from their medical records. Results: No significant differences were noticed between the prevalence of autism and both of age (P=0.843) and gender (P=0.699). The majority of children have no family history of autism (85%). Mean blood lead level for all participants was 16.01 μg/dl. The statistically significant difference in lead level was found between autistic and non-autistic children (17.38± 1.86 μg/dl in autism group versus 14.27± 1.57 μg/dl in non-autism group) with a P value of 0.001. Discussion: Mean blood lead level was high in all participants, compared to the international values, which might indicate a high level of lead exposure in Iraqi children due to environmental pollution. Autistic children have higher lead levels than non-autistic ones and this might explain the role of lead in the etiology of autism.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lead among children with autism in Iraq. Is it a potential factor?

Alawad¹

2019

Ann Clin Anal Med

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“…Intensity νi, i = 1, ..., N, can be prepared by methods of mathematical statistics on the basis of available information [35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45].…”

Section: Determination Of the System Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mathematical Model of Reliability of Restored Technical System

Al-Azawi¹,

Jawad²,

Kadhem³

2017

IJOCAAS

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It offers a discrete mathematical model of reliability and aging of the technical system, whose state is getting worse over time, increasing the probability of failure. It is assumed that in order to optimize system performance at random times conducted preventive maintenance of different depths. The purpose of the work -to justify the selection rule of such repairs, providing the optimum level of performance.Dr. Razi J. Al-Azawi is now in Laser Engineering

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“…Nonmotorized sections of a road have much less pollution than motorized sections (Ming et al 2018). Trafficrelated air pollution varies with the time of the day, wind direction, and traffic volumes (Chaichan, Kazem, and Abed 2018;Ming et al 2017). The exposure to this air pollution affects drivers on the road, in addition to pedestrians and cyclists on the side of the road (Dons et al 2012), and can cause major health problems among adults and children (Khreis et al 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the impact of converting roundabouts to traffic signals on vehicle emissions along an urban arterial corridor in Qatar

Abou-Senna

Elnashar

Radwan

2018

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

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The type of control at intersections has a major effect on the operation of any urban corridor. Different predefined procedures are available to calculate some of the main operational characteristics, such as capacity, delay, and level of service, in order to select the best type of control. However, there are other important factors that affect major arterials operational characteristics, factors that are not fully addressed, such as the impact of emissions. In this study, a microscopic simulation approach using VISSIM and MOVES was developed to assess the environmental effect of converting four three-lane roundabouts to signalized intersections along a heavily congested urban corridor in Qatar. A decision was made to switch all roundabouts to traffic signals for better operations. Preliminary results indicated that the signal control outperformed the roundabout in the range of 37% to 43% reduction in emissions. A more detailed analysis revealed that roundabout corridor operations' effects on emission rates are divergent from those of signalized corridors, particularly upstream and downstream of the intersections. Immediate roundabout upstream approaches are driver behavior dependent, characterized by substantial coasting at lower speeds and subsequent re-accelerating with less idling, described as acceleration events, which resulted in high emission rates, while signalized corridors are signal timing dependent, characterized by ample idling with less coasting and re-acceleration, resulting in reduced emission rates. The results also revealed that there was no significant difference between emission rates in the vicinity of the two types of control. Both recorded nearly the same emission rate.Implications: A microscopic simulation approach using VISSIM and MOVES was developed to assess the environmental effect of converting four three-lane roundabouts to signalized intersections along a heavily congested urban corridor in Doha, Qatar. Intersection geometries along with the control type have significant impact on emission rates and play a major role in assessing environmental impacts. US EPA MOVES was calibrated to Qatar conditions which can be used to estimate emission factors and quantify vehicular emissions along other corridors in the country. The results can also be beneficial for other countries within the region. PAPER HISTORY

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Traffic and outdoor air pollution levels near highways in Baghdad, Iraq

Cited by 79 publications

References 56 publications

Lead among children with autism in Iraq. Is it a potential factor?

Lead among children with autism in Iraq. Is it a potential factor?

Mathematical Model of Reliability of Restored Technical System

Assessing the impact of converting roundabouts to traffic signals on vehicle emissions along an urban arterial corridor in Qatar

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