An exploration of rongoā Māori (a system of Māori healing based on Māori cultural traditions) was conducted to ascertain the cultural values and beliefs of Māori, the Indigenous peoples of Aotearoa/New Zealand, that are related to Māori healing. A Kaupapa Māori approach utilising Māori cultural concepts throughout the research process guided the overall study design. Semistructured narrative interviews were conducted in 2009 and 2010 with 17 rongoā Māori healers. The rourou Māori method of data analysis, a 3-step process created specifically for this project, was employed to analyse healers' talk about the underlying concepts of rongoā Māori healing. Two key topics emerged: concepts of healing, and the focus of healing.
Introduction
Rongoā MāoriRongoā Māori (RM) is a system of healing techniques that has a long history of practice by Māori, the Indigenous peoples of Aotearoa/New Zealand (NZ). These healing techniques are based on Māori cultural customs and beliefs that have been passed down through generations. However, whenever there are shifts in societal structure, such as those arising from the process of colonisation, there is a series of concomitant changes in all aspects of Indigenous cultures. As one of the first articles to position RM within the research literature, this article seeks to provide a broad overview of the main concepts of RM healing and explore the cultural values and beliefs behind Māori healing processes. The relevance and significance of ancient traditional knowledges in a contemporary context is discussed.Reporting this research requires us to use te reo Māori (Māori language) throughout the paper, in order to identify concepts and practices clearly. Māori language, and the concepts embodied in that language, are given primacy in this paper, in accordance with the overall premise that traditional knowledges must be protected, nurtured, and maintained through the academy. We have adopted the following practice for this use. The first time a Māori word or phrase is used, it is italicized (unless capitalized as a proper noun) and an English definition is provided in parentheses. Subsequent uses of the word are not so defined, but a glossary is provided.Durie (1998) identified five different classes of Māori healing, noting that more than one type of treatment may be used at a time. According to Durie's taxonomy, Māori healing includes ritenga (rituals) and karakia (prayers), rongoā (herbal remedies), mirimiri (massage), wai (water), and surgical interventions. In defining these historical concepts of Māori healing, Durie also noted that some of these skills (e.g., surgical intervention) have been lost or superseded, or are otherwise no longer used. Durie (1998) lists rongoā as one of many Māori healing techniques, one which involves the use of herbal remedies only. However, other academic sources (e.g., Jones, 2000a) cite mirimiri, karakia, and wai as aspects of rongoā and therefore as part of a traditional system of healing that has developed out of the cultural traditions of M...