Traditional Classification and Novel Subtyping Systems for Bladder Cancer

Abstract

Bladder cancer is the most common tumor in the urinary system, with approximately 420,000 new cases and 160,000 deaths per year. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EOTRC) classifies non-muscular invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) into low-risk, medium-risk and high-risk groups based on a comprehensive analysis of NMIBC pathological parameters and the risk of recurrence and progression to muscular invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). Traditional classification systems are based on pathologic grading, staging systems, and clinical prognosis. However, the pathological parameters of the tumor cannot fully reflect the "intrinsic characteristics" of bladder cancer, and tumors with a similar pathology exhibit different biological behaviors. Furthermore, although the traditional classification system cannot accurately predict the risk of recurrence or the progression of bladder cancer patients (BCs) individually, this method is widely used in clinical practice because of its convenient operation. With the development of sequencing and other technologies, the genetics-based molecular subtyping of bladder cancer has become increasingly studied. Compared with the traditional classification system, it provides more abundant tumor biological information and is expected to assist or even replace the traditional typing system in the future.

Bioinformatic Identification of Potential Hub Genes in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Urothelial Carcinoma

“…Many risk factors play a role in the pathogenesis of bladder cancer, such as environmental factors, living factors, and diet factors 2 . Bladder cancers appear in many forms, namely urothelial carcinoma, squamous carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma; among which urothelial carcinoma is the most common, accounting for more than 90% of bladder cancer cases 3 . About 75% of newly diagnosed patients suffer from non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), while the remaining 25% suffer from muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) 4 .…”

The Interplay between Oxidative Phosphorylation and Glycolysis as a Potential Marker of Bladder Cancer Progression

“…Traditionally, UBCcls were classified taking into account the pathological grade, the staging system, and the clinical prognosis of the tumors from which they were isolated. However, often tumors with similar pathologies exhibit different biological behaviors, therefore making the use of additional information such as genomic-based molecular classification indispensable [5]. Using a comprehensive classification based on these markers [6], we selected the RT4 and 5637 lines associated to tumors with low-and high-risk of progression, respectively.…”

Data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS) for proteomic applications in oncology

“…While the traditional classification of tumours based primarily on histopathological assessment has played a critical role in diagnosis and clinical management of disease, the increasing use of molecular and Omics based approaches have provided unprecedented insights into the underlying biology of cancer and facilitated new classification systems based on molecular alterations. [38][39][40] In line with this, recent advances in MS technologies have driven new opportunities for deep proteomic profiling of clinical cohorts for the refinement of current cancer classification systems as well as revealing important diseasespecific biological pathways. There is also a high demand for robust cancer markers for early and reliable tumour diagnostics, selection of appropriate treatments or prediction of patient outcomes.…”