Traditional and novel methods for estimating the layer charge of smectites

Energy transfer between rhodamine 3B and oxazine 4 in synthetic-saponite dispersions and films

“…Co. was used in this study. The cation exchange capacity of Sum is 0.87 ± 0.05 mmol g −1 [27]. The cationic laser dyes rhodamine 3B (R3B) and oxazine 4 (Ox4) were purchased from Lambda Physik GmbH (Göttingen, Germany) and used without further purification.…”

Bioreduction of Fe-bearing clay minerals and their reactivity toward pertechnetate (Tc-99)

“…Measured properties such as layer charge, layer expandability, interlayer cation composition, and crystallinity only represent bulk averages. In reality, there may be a distribution of all these properties over a broad range (Peacor;1992;Seabaugh et al, 2006;Czímerová et al, 2006). Even though electron transfer takes place in both parallel and perpendicular to the (0 0 1) layers, it is still possible to create separate domains of Fe(II) and Fe(III) as those clay particles with lowest layer charge, most expandable interlayer, and poorest crystallinity would be preferentially reduced before bioreduction of Fe(III) in more crystalline and less expandable clay particles with higher layer charge can be initiated.…”

Removal of Cu(II) from aqueous solutions using dolomite–palygorskite clay: Performance and mechanisms

“…The concentration of total inorganic carbon (TIC) was measured by an Analytik Jena multi-N/C 2100 TOC/ TN analyzer. The cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the sample was determined by the ammonium acetate method (Czímerová et al, 2006). The point of zero charge (pH PZC ) was determined using the powder addition method (Balistrieri and Murray, 1981).…”