Trade integration, environmental degradation, and public health in Chile: assessing the linkages

Beghin, John C.; Bowland, Bradley J.; Dessus, Sébastien; Roland‐Holst, David; Mensbrugghe, Dominique van der

doi:10.1017/s1355770x02000165

Cited by 59 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(10 reference statements)

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“…An unregulated economy and weak state regulation gave high priority to market forces, free trade and privatisation, and had undesirable environmental and social consequences (Liverman & Vilas 2006;Silva 1996). Social inequities appeared, and environmental problems such as air pollution, soil erosion and deforestation rapidly developed (Beghin et al 2002;Carruthers 2001;Claude 1997;Stedman-Edwards 1997;Tecklin et al 2011). Bauer (2009), for example, argues that Chile can be considered a world leader in implementing neoliberal policies in the water and hydropower sector, however, Bauer stresses that water property rights given to the owners of hydropower dams undermined the sustainability and governance of water resources.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change and energy policy in Chile: Up in smoke?

Mundaca

2013

Energy Policy

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This paper provides an ex-post assessment of the climate and energy policy developments in Chile emerging from a neoliberal economic model, during the period 1971-2007. First, correlation and regression analyses were performed to analyse historical CO 2 emissions as a product of demographic, economic and energy-wide drivers. Then I estimate indicators related to CO 2 emissions, energy use and economic activity. In the light of empirical results, I identify policy instruments and structural issues. Finally, I present a comparative analysis of Chile and other Latin American countries. Statistical tests show that variability of CO 2 emissions is explained mostly by GDP per capita ('affluence') than any other tested variable. Indicators show that the diversification and decarbonisation of the energy mix has been a major policy challenge. With two notable exceptions (hydro and natural gas), the CO 2 intensity of the energy supply mix suggests no effective policies, while energy security crises triggered negative carbon effects and increased prices. No clear policies to promote energy efficiency can be identified until 2005. Explicit policy instruments to promote renewable energy are only recognized after 2004. The results strongly suggest that Chile lacked of policies to effectively decarbonise its energy-economy system.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Climate change and energy policy in Chile: Up in smoke?

Mundaca

2013

Energy Policy

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“…The studies which show trade openness influences negatively include; Suri and Chapman [18], Schmalensee et al [19]; Beghin et al [20]; Abler et al [21]; Lopez [22]; Cole et al [23] and Antweiler et al, [13]; Copeland and Taylor [24]; Chaudhuri and Pfaff, [25]; Ozturk and Acaravci [26] Nasir and Rehman [27], but it is also assumed that trade openness also helps to stand the negative effect in helping the economy pursued technology to achieve the efficiency, and after certain level of growth, the environmental degradation is also declined. Therefore, the mix results are found in literature regarding the impact of trade openness on fluctuating environmental quality.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Is Trade Openness Good or Bad for Environment in Pakistan; an ARDL Bounds Testing Approach

Awan¹,

Meo²,

Ghimire³

et al. 2018

Proceedings of the 4th Annual International Conference on Management, Economics and Social Development (ICMESD 2018)

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Abstract. This study explored the relationship between trade openness, foreign direct investment, GDP, and environmental quality in Pakistan by using time series data for time period of 1971-2016.To examine long-run and short-run association among projected variables, we employed autoregressive distributed lag ARDL-bounds testing approach. The findings of the study confirmed a positive and significant long run association between trade openness, foreign direct investment, and environmental degradation in Pakistan. However, there is no relationship between GDP and environmental quality. Policymakers must consider environmental degradation due to trade openness and FDI; further environmental quality should not be ignored. The government must enforce environmental laws on local and international organizations. IntroductionThe worldwide environmental concerns due to adverse climate changes over planet earth have tended world economies towards the use of green energy along with considerable reduction in CO 2 emission [1]. According to the recent studies, the large part of carbon emission is coming from the developing economies due to rapid economic growth. The globalization, where it benefits the developing economies to nurture their economies through reduced investment and trade barriers, opening of technology transfer, and mobilized capital and labor [2].To investigate the real impact of trade on environment, various studies haveanalyzed the dynamic relationship between trade liberalization, energy usage and economic growth. Most of the researchers agreed at first that trade liberalization has improved allocation of domestic resources. Some studies found that liberalization of trade reduced pollution and decreased the use of energy efficiency. For example, the study by Sbia et al. [3] found that liberalization of trade enhanced the flows of new technology which substituted the old technology profoundly overwhelming the use of energy. Conversely, some studies found that liberalization of trade has deteriorated the environmental quality. The study by Lopez [4] shows that trade liberalization was tailed by an escalation in energy-based-events such as manufacturing and transportation that devour heavy energy and yield pollution.The aim of this research is to investigate the economic impacts of the trade openness on the environmental quality in Pakistan. Specifically, the paper inspects whether openness of the trade has harmed the quality of the environment in Pakistan. For empirical results, we used ARDL approach for short run and long run.The structure of the paper is as follows: Section 2 reviews the existing literature on the subject. Section 3 presents the model, methodology and data. Section 4 presents the empirical results and also discussion. The last section concludes the study.

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“…Since the first environmental CGE models appeared (Forsund and Storm, 1988;Dufournaud et al, 1988), the literature has included applications in many major areas, such as: (a) models used to evaluate the effects of trade policies or international trade agreements on the environment (Lucas et al, 1992;Grossman and Krueger, 1993;Madrid-Aris, 1998;Yang, 2001;Beghin et al, 2002) and for diverse applications in the area of the Global Trade Analysis Project (Hertel, 1997); (b) models to evaluate climate change, which are usually focused on the stabilization of CO2, NOx and SOx emissions (Bergman, 1991;Jorgenson and Wilcoxen, 1993;Edwards et al, 2001); (c) models focused on energy issues, which usually apply energy taxation or pricing to evaluate the impacts that changes in the price of energy can have on pollution or costs control (Pigott et al, 1992); (d) natural resource allocation or management models, whose objective is usually the efficient interregional or inter-sectoral allocation of multi-use natural resources-for example, allocation of water resources among agriculture, mining, industry, tourism, human consumption and ecological watersheds (Robinson and Gelhar, 1995;Ianchovichina et al, 2001); and (e) models focused on evaluating the economic impacts of environmental instruments, or of specific environmental regulations, such as the Clean Air Act in the USA (Jorgenson and Wilcoxen, 1990;Hazilla and Koop, 1990). …”

Section: Box 1: Cge Models and Environmental Policymentioning

confidence: 99%