Trade in the Golden Horde Volga Region

Abstract

The research problem importance is determined by rather poor investigation of trade links in the Middle and Lower Volga region during the times of the Golden Horde; importance of the problem is also caused by the necessity to get the results for writing summarized works on Archaeology, History of trade and to use them during the creation of museum exhibitions and design of educational programs for undergraduate and post-graduate students. The article goal is to describe the leading fields of foreign trade in Lower Volga region as a part of Jochid state and the problems of domestic trade links at this land. The leading method for the problem research is the complex analysis of the data: written, archaeological and numismatic sources that allow get the most complete and realistic view of the trade links. The article is presenting the results that show significant rise of trade connections development in the Volga region of the researched period and the breadth of trade contacts and the peculiarities of inner trade. We also defined the features and the level of trade links development in the Volga region during the period of the Golden Horde. The article materials can be useful for research of the Golden Horde economy as well as the history of World Trade.

Birds of prey from 4th to 18th centuries AD of the Volga River basin of Russia

“…The significant development of hunting with birds of prey on the Volga River in the Middle Ages is also mentioned in ancient written sources. Many archival documents mention that gyrfalcons and northern goshawks were presented as valuable gifts to many Western (Poland, Moldova, Denmark, England) and Eastern (Egypt, Ottoman Empire, Persia, Golden Horde) rulers from the Grand Duchy of Moscow (13th to middle 16th centuries) (see reviews by Dement'ev GP., 1951; Nedashkovsky, 2014; Zinoviev, 2018).…”

“…For example, the training and care of these birds, especially falcons, required a separate staff of specially trained people that would be out of reach of all but the richest of the aristocracy. GP., 1951;Nedashkovsky, 2014;Zinoviev, 2018).…”