Trade in live reptiles, its impact on wild populations, and the role of the European market

Auliya, Mark; Altherr, Sandra; Ariano‐Sánchez, Daniel; Baard, Ernst H. W.; Brown, Carl B.; Brown, Rafe M.; Cantu, Juan-Carlos; Gentile, Gabriele; Gildenhuys, Paul; Evert, Henningheim; Hintzmann, Jürgen; Kanari, Kahoru; Krvavac, Milivoje; Lettink, Marieke; Lippert, Jörg; Luiselli, Luca; Nilson, Göran; Nguyen, Truong Q.; Nijman, Vincent; Parham, James F.; Pasachnik, Stesha A.; Pedrono, Miguel; Rauhaus, Anna; Córdova, Danny Rueda; Maria‐Elena, Sanchez; Schepp, Ulrich; Schingen, Mona van; Schneeweiß, Norbert; Segniagbeto, Gabriel Hoinsoudé; Somaweera, Ruchira; Sy, Emerson; Türkozan, Oğuz; Vinke, Sabine; Vinke, Thomas; Vyas, Raju; Stuart, Williamson; Ziegler, Thomas

doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2016.05.017

Cited by 184 publications

(178 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…In particular, we found that noncompliance among EU respondents (excluding the UK) was significantly more likely, supporting findings that the EU is a destination for smuggled wildlife (Auliya et al . ), potentially due to variable enforcement between Members States (Reeve ). Specific weak points of entry to the EU for orchids and for other CITES taxa should be identified, and the best ways to address these enforcement gaps assessed.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…are particularly at risk, with many species threatened with extinction due to collection or trade (IUCN 2015). These factors make the orchid trade analogous in many ways to other wildlife trades, such as those with parallel legal and illegal markets (e.g., fur: Wyatt 2009; reptiles: Auliya et al 2016) and those with coexisting mainstream and specialist consumers (e.g., songbirds: Jepson & Ladle 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Estimating the Extent of CITES Noncompliance among Traders and End‐Consumers; Lessons from the Global Orchid Trade

Hinsley

Nuño

Ridout

et al. 2016

CONSERVATION LETTERS

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The Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) regulates trade in over 35,000 species, over 70% of which are orchids. To investigate rule-breaking behavior among traders and buyers in a specific international wildlife trading community, we used direct questions (DQs) and the unmatched count technique (UCT) to survey the orchid growing community about CITES compliance and their knowledge and opinions of the rules. In DQ, 9.9% had smuggled, 4.8% had laundered, and 10.8% had been sent orchids from online purchases without paperwork; UCT estimates did not differ significantly. Growers with greater knowledge of CITES rules were more likely to break them, and there were widespread negative views of CITES among respondents. We recommend targeted enforcement focusing on both online trade and at the point of import, coupled with efforts to encourage traders and end-consumers to engage with discussions on CITES rule implementation

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimating the Extent of CITES Noncompliance among Traders and End‐Consumers; Lessons from the Global Orchid Trade

Hinsley

Nuño

Ridout

et al. 2016

CONSERVATION LETTERS

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“…Locations are mapped to the nearest 2×2 km square representing groups of islands in the Grenadines. We have deliberately avoided being specific to protect the animals (see Auliya et al 2016). Note that there are alien iguanas on some islands and not all of the island clusters shown here have purebred populations of Iguana insularis insularis.…”

Section: Systematic Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

A story of nasal horns: A new species ofIguanaLaurenti, 1768 (Squamata, Iguanidae) in Saint Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines, and Grenada (Southern Lesser Antilles) and its implications for the taxonomy of the genusIguana

Breuil¹,

Vuillaume²,

Schikorski³

et al. 2018

Preprint

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The Lesser Antilles, in the Eastern Caribbean, were long considered to have only two species in the genusIguanaLaurenti 1768: the Lesser Antillean iguanaIguana delicatissima, which is endemic to parts of the Lesser Antilles, and the common green iguanaIguana iguana, which also occurs throughout Central and South America. However, herpetologists and reptile collectors have pointed out strong physical differences between some of the island populations ofIguana iguanaand those from the continent. Drawing on both morphological and genetic data, this paper describes a third speciesIguana insularissp. nov. from the southern Lesser Antilles, specifically the countries of Saint Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines, and Grenada. The new species is described based on the following unique combination of characters: Presence of high median and medium to small lateral horns on the snout; Small subtympanic plate not exceeding 20% of the eardrum size; Two or three scales of decreasing size anterior to the subtympanic plate; Fewer than ten small to medium triangular gular spikes; Medium sized dewlap; Low number of small to medium dispersed nuchal tubercles; Dark brown iris, with the white of the eye visible; Oval, prominent nostril; Short and relatively flat head; High dorsal spines; No swelling of the jowls in reproductively active males; Colour of head, body and tail changing from green to pale grey or creamy white in old adults; Vertical black stripes on body and tail, fading with age in some populations. This paper furthermore distinguishes two subspecies:Iguana insularis insularisfrom the Grenada Bank (comprising Grenada and the Grenadine islands), andIguana insularis sanctaluciaefrom Saint Lucia. The form on the island of Saint Vincent has not been identified. Both subspecies are globally threatened by unsustainable hunting (including the pet trade) and by invasive alien species, including hybridization from invasive iguanas from South and Central America (I. iguanaandI. rhinolopha, considered here as full species) that have become established in all three countries. The authors call for stronger measures to conserve the remaining purebredIguana insularissp. nov. throughout its range and for further research to identify other cryptic species and subspecies ofIguanain the Lesser Antilles.

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“…Reptiles are widely considered as a highly threatened vertebrate group, with an estimate of nearly 18.9% of global species at risk of extinction (Böhm et al 2013). Reptiles, particularly snakes, have been hunted for individual and commercial use due to their medicinal and nutritional value, and are still being killed indiscriminately in large numbers (Böhm et al 2013, Auliya et al 2016. Consequently, human exploitation has become a serious threat to snake populations in many parts of the world (Todd et al 2010), leading to their decline or even extinction (Zhou and Jiang 2004, Brooks et al 2007, Nijman 2010, Natusch and Lyons 2012, Sasaki et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Human overexploitation and extinction risk correlates of Chinese snakes

Chen

Zhang

et al. 2019

Ecography

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China is one of the countries with the richest snake biodiversity in the world. However, about one‐third of all 236 species are now considered threatened, partially due to the intense human overexploitation. Despite that, to date, no study has explicitly investigated the patterns and processes of extinction and threats of Chinese snakes, or between human exploited and unexploited snake subgroups. We addressed the following three questions: 1) which snake families proportionally include more human exploited species than expected by chance? 2) Which species traits and extrinsic factors are correlated with their extinction risk? 3) Are there differences between human exploited and unexploited species in terms of patterns and processes of extinction? We found that the family Elapidae contained a significantly higher number of exploited species. Considering eight species traits and four extrinsic factors, we performed phylogenetic correlation tests, finding that small geographic range size, large body length, oviparous reproduction, diurnal activity and high human exploitation were important in determining the extinction risk of all Chinese snakes. Moreover, human exploited snakes had a higher percentage of threatened species and large‐bodied species than unexploited snakes. Extinction risk of human exploited species was related to body length, reproduction mode and activity period, whereas that of human unexploited species were associated with geographic range size, microhabitat and annual temperature. Overall, we highlight the phylogenetic non‐random exploitation of snakes, and different factors underlying species response to human overexploitation. We suggest that conservation priority should be given to exploitation‐prone families and species with extinction‐prone traits, as identified in this study. Moreover, human exploited and unexploited species should be managed considering different strategies since their extinction risk was associated with different ecological traits. Conservation actions should also focus on preventing human threats, such as human overexploitation and habitat loss, for the effective preservation of Chinese snakes.

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Trade in live reptiles, its impact on wild populations, and the role of the European market

Cited by 184 publications

References 83 publications

Estimating the Extent of CITES Noncompliance among Traders and End‐Consumers; Lessons from the Global Orchid Trade

Estimating the Extent of CITES Noncompliance among Traders and End‐Consumers; Lessons from the Global Orchid Trade

A story of nasal horns: A new species ofIguanaLaurenti, 1768 (Squamata, Iguanidae) in Saint Lucia, St Vincent & the Grenadines, and Grenada (Southern Lesser Antilles) and its implications for the taxonomy of the genusIguana

Human overexploitation and extinction risk correlates of Chinese snakes

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