Trade Globalization and Its Impact on Welfare in Indonesia

Abstract

Indonesia was experiencing trade globalization in the form of decreasing and uniforming tariffs and eliminating various non-tariff barriers. Trade globalization had a positive and negative impact on Indonesian's welfare. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effect of Trades Globalization on Indonesians Welfare. The Trade globalization was measured by three variables, namely Trade Openness, Inflation, and Exchange Rate. While Indonesians Welfare was measured by three aspects, namely education aspect using School Enrollment, health aspect using Life Expectancy, and economic aspect using the GDP Per capita. The data used was time series data from 1971-2016. This study applied mix-methods, quantitatively using Structural Equation Modeling Partial Least Square (SEM-PLS) and qualitatively using desk study. The results indicated that Trade Openness and Exchange Rate were positive and significant indicators in measuring Trade globalization. In addition, School Enrollment and GDP Per capita were also positive and significant indicators in measuring Indonesians Welfare. In general, the test showed that Trade globalization had a negative and significant influence on Indonesians Welfare. This fact suggested the importance of controlling exchange rate stability in Indonesia because the exchange rate could affect people's ability to maintain lives through purchasing power. In addition, globalization measured through Trade Openness could be an accommodation to obtain new technology in various fields, such as in education to improve the quality of human resources, in the health sector to treat various diseases and reduce the risk of death, and in the economy, sector to increase Per capita income.

Liberalization of Health Services in Indonesia in The Context of Justice

“…Procedure for resolving medical disputes through Indonesian medical disciplinary board, which is an authorized institution in determining whether there are errors made by doctors and dentists in applying the disciplines of medicine and dentistry, as well as the authorityy to determine sanction (Johan, 2005;Aini, Purba, & Meilliana, 2018;Manuputi, 2019;Al Gani, 2020).…”