Trade Facilitation Reform in the Service of Development

Legal Aspects of Implementing the Kyoto Convention in Uzbekistan’s Customs Activity and Implications for Wto Accession

“…Studies have shown that implementing the convention can lead to significant trade facilitation benefits. Moïsé [8] estimated that implementing the key principles of the Kyoto Convention could reduce trade transaction costs by 3-5% of the value of trade. The World Bank [9] found that countries that had implemented the convention experienced increased trade volumes and customs revenue.…”

“…Some of the key potential benefits include: a) Reduced trade costs and time: By simplifying and harmonizing customs procedures based on international standards, Uzbekistan could reduce the time and costs associated with trading across borders. This could make Uzbek exports more competitive and facilitate the integration of Uzbek firms into global value chains [8,9]. b) Increased trade flows and economic growth: Studies have shown that countries that have implemented the Kyoto Convention have experienced increased trade volumes and economic growth [8,9].…”

“…This could make Uzbek exports more competitive and facilitate the integration of Uzbek firms into global value chains [8,9]. b) Increased trade flows and economic growth: Studies have shown that countries that have implemented the Kyoto Convention have experienced increased trade volumes and economic growth [8,9]. Facilitating trade can help Uzbekistan diversify its economy, attract foreign investment, and create jobs.…”

Organisational Design of Customs in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Critical Evaluation

“…These reforms introduced a new public administration paradigm that emphasised the reduction of the role of the state in service delivery, encouraged the deregulation of public enterprises and sought to reduce the scope and cost of government (Economic Commission for Africa 2003). The impact of these reforms on Customs has ranged from: temporary outsourcing of functions to a private sector company in Angola and Mozambique (Moïsé • 2005) awarding of contracts to pre-shipment inspection (PSI) companies to verify the price, quantity and • quality of imported goods for the purpose of preventing capital flight, commercial fraud and duty evasion, which had been implemented in 30 countries 1 (WTO 1996) transformation of the organisation into a semi-autonomous government agency outside the civil • service as happened in Ghana in 1986 (Kusi 1998) and Ethiopia in 1997(Ethiopian Customs Authority 2008 International Network of Customs Universities placement of Customs in semi-autonomous revenue agencies, as has happened in Botswana, Gambia, • Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Rwanda, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Swaziland 2 , Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe transformation of Customs within government, as has happened in Senegal. • There is considerable analysis on the outsourcing of Customs operational management in Mozambique.…”