Trade Effects of SPS and TBT Measures on Tropical and Diversification Products

The impact of Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) on Moroccan foreign trade: Comparison between developed and developing countries

“…The two forms of non-tariff measures (Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures and Technical barriers to trade) do not have a bilateral dimension because they are applied unilaterally by importing countries and applied to all exporting countries. Based on estimates by gravity model [18] confirm that the Sanitary and phytosanitary measures and Technical barrier to trade standards significantly reduce bilateral imports. When assigning exporting countries into three groups (OECD, Developing Countries and least developed countries "LDC"), they find that the exports of the OECD countries are more affected by rates than developing countries or LDCs.…”

Major developments affecting Africa’s trade performance: A summary of key literature

“…Improving food safety is part of the technical cooperation being provided to develop standards. The Pesticides Initiative Programme, for example, aims to assist private fruit and vegetable exporters from African, Caribbean, and Pacific countries to meet the Europe's stringent requirements for traceability and food safety (Disdier et al 2008) chain and facilitate adherence to traceability requirements for international markets. Farmers and agroprocessors need support to participate in global value chains, including capacity strengthening to meet food safety and quality standards required by global markets.…”

Stringency of Non-Tariff Measures in Partner Countries: Perceptions of Malaysian Exporters

“…Henson and Jaffee (2004) illustrated the success of Kenyan exporters of fresh produce that have complied with the EU requirements and thus improved their access to these markets and the Peruvian exporters of asparagus who have reached the strict EurepGAP (Good Agricultural Practice, renamed as GlobalGAP) protocol and have benefited as a result. Disdier, Fekadu, Murillo and Wong (2008) based on their sectoral analysis of agricultural products reinforced the beneficial impact of SPS and TBT measures on trade. In a subsequent paper, Disdier, Fontagne and Mimouni (2008) pointed out that higher cost of compliance with SPS and TBT measures does not lead to loss of export markets for tropical product exporters in Ecuador, Costa Rica and Kenya.…”