Tracking the Middle-Income Trap: What is it, Who is in it, and Why?

Felipe, Jesús

doi:10.2139/ssrn.2049330

Cited by 233 publications

(240 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This critique is closely related to another critique of empirical MIT definitions: Empirical definitions have no theoretical foundations that can be used to check whether the observed MIT is merely a statistical singularity, an outcome of (unintended) selective data choice, or a (theoretically) relevant economic phenomenon that (a) is independent of space and time (of observation), and (b) can be expected to occur in the future as well. Felipe et al (2012) and Aiyar et al (2013) come to similar results. Felipe et al (2012) distinguish between a lower and a higher MIT.…”

Section: Absolute Approachessupporting

confidence: 57%

“…Felipe et al (2012) and Aiyar et al (2013) come to similar results. Felipe et al (2012) distinguish between a lower and a higher MIT. Contrary to many other authors, they focus on the average number of years a country has spent in the lower-middleincome range ($2,000 to $7,250), or the upper-middle-income range ($7,250 to $11,750) before it steps into the next higher income category.…”

Section: Absolute Approachessupporting

confidence: 57%

“…For example, Woo et al's (2012) definition refers to an MIT period that is longer than 50 years. Ac-cording to the definition developed by Felipe et al (2012), the MIT period is longer than 42 years, strictly speaking, 14 years in the lower-middle-income range (LMIR) and 28 years in the upper-middle-income range (UMIR).…”

Section: Definitions Of Mitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In particular, many authors (e.g., Felipe et al, 2012;Aiyar et al, 2013) that use absolute values for the thresholds refer to the yearly updated country classification of the World Bank. This classification distinguishes between four income categories based on the real per capita gross national income (GNI) calculated on the basis of the Atlas method.…”

Section: Definitions Of Mitmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The next subsection presents some of the most important absolute approaches (Eichengreen et al, , 2013Felipe et al, 2012;Aiyar et al, 2012) followed by a selection of relative definitions (Woo, 2011;World Bank, 2012;Agénor et al, 2012;Im and Rosenblatt, 2013;Bulman et al, 2014;Robertson and Ye, 2015). Tables 2a and 2b then summarize the different definitions, the middle-income ranges, the database used and the covered period of the absolute approaches and the relative approaches, respectively.…”

Section: Definitions Of Mitmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Middle-Income Trap Definitions, Theories and Countries Concerned: A Literature Survey

Glawe

Wagner

2016

SSRN Journal

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Abstract. In recent years, a growing body of economic literature has focused on the phenomenon of the so-called middle-income trap (MIT). The term usually refers to countries that have experienced rapid growth and thus quickly reached middle-income status, but then failed to overcome that income range to further catch up to the developed countries. This paper surveys the MIT literature. It begins by laying out different approaches to defining the MIT (with a focus on the distinction between absolute and relative approaches) and by presenting as well as classifying the most important empirical studies. After a short overview of the currently identified MIT countries, the article summarizes the main explanatory approaches, taking into account both the theoretical foundations and the empirically identified triggering factors. JEL: O10, O40

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Section: Absolute Approachessupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Absolute Approachessupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Definitions Of Mitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Definitions Of Mitmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Definitions Of Mitmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Middle-Income Trap Definitions, Theories and Countries Concerned: A Literature Survey

Glawe

Wagner

2016

SSRN Journal

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Surgeons’ and Trauma Care Physicians’ Perception of the Impact of the Globalization of Medical Education on Quality of Care in Lima, Peru

et al. 2017

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Short-term overseas training of surgeons from low- and middle-income countries may improve care in the surgeons' country of origin through the acquisition of skills and altered expectations for excellence. Prioritization of evidence-based medical education is necessary given widespread internet access and thus clinician exposure to variable quality medical information. Finally, the establishment of centers of excellence in low- and middle-income countries may address the eroded sense of agency attributable to globalization and offer a local example of world-class surgical outcomes, diminishing surgeons' most frequently cited reason for emigration: access to better surgical training.

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First‐class universities, economic development, and the middle‐income trap

Chang,

Sun,

Zhang

2024

International Studies of Economics

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First‐class universities play an extremely important role in cultivating high‐quality talents and technological innovation, serving as a significant indicator of a country's level of higher education development, developmental strength, and potential. However, there is little literature studying the long‐term impact of first‐class universities on a country's economic development. To better understand this long‐term influence, our study examines the effect of first‐class universities on per capita income based on cross‐national samples, particularly their role in overcoming the “middle‐income trap,” and analyzes whether general higher education can bring about equivalent effects. The main research conclusions are: First, both general higher education and first‐class universities can significantly improve a country's per capita income, but compared to general higher education, first‐class universities have greater marginal effects on national per capita income, and can more effectively enhance domestic average income levels and promote sustainable economic growth over time; Second, first‐class universities have the greatest marginal effect on improving per capita income in middle‐income countries, and compared to general higher education, first‐class universities play a larger role in helping developing countries break through the “middle‐income trap”; Third, both general higher education and first‐class universities positively affect innovative activities, but first‐class universities play a more significant role in promoting technological innovation, which can better facilitate high‐quality economic development. Our study not only enhances the understanding of the effects and differences between general higher education and first‐class universities on long‐term economic development, but also contributes to the understanding of the economic miracle that China has created since its reform and opening up. It also provides clear policy implications.

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Tracking the Middle-Income Trap: What is it, Who is in it, and Why?

Cited by 233 publications

References 29 publications

The Middle-Income Trap Definitions, Theories and Countries Concerned: A Literature Survey

The Middle-Income Trap Definitions, Theories and Countries Concerned: A Literature Survey

Surgeons’ and Trauma Care Physicians’ Perception of the Impact of the Globalization of Medical Education on Quality of Care in Lima, Peru

First‐class universities, economic development, and the middle‐income trap

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