Tracking the Consolidation of U.S. Agriculture

MacDonald, James M.

doi:10.1002/aepp.13056

Cited by 58 publications

(74 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…In this symposium, the articles by Susanto Basu and by Chad Syverson discuss this approach in detail. 2 However, the main focus of this article is to discuss what we can conclude from industry-specific studies about the sizes and causes of markups and therefore what policy responses would be appropriate. In these industry-level studies, it may be plausible to identify markups from data on prices and output, together with data 2 Prominent examples of this production function approach with US data include De Loecker andEeckhout (2017, 2018a); Hall (2018);and Eggertsson, Robbins, and Getz Wold (2018).…”

Section: Detailed Industry Studies Of Market Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2 However, the main focus of this article is to discuss what we can conclude from industry-specific studies about the sizes and causes of markups and therefore what policy responses would be appropriate. In these industry-level studies, it may be plausible to identify markups from data on prices and output, together with data 2 Prominent examples of this production function approach with US data include De Loecker andEeckhout (2017, 2018a); Hall (2018);and Eggertsson, Robbins, and Getz Wold (2018). For example, De Loecker and Eeckhout (2017) in their primary analysis use firm-level financial statements from Compustat, including measures of sales, spending on inputs, capital stock, and industry classifications.…”

Section: Detailed Industry Studies Of Market Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

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Do Increasing Markups Matter? Lessons from Empirical Industrial Organization

Berry

Gaynor

Morton

2019

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any economists and policymakers are expressing concern over the possibility of increasing monopoly power in the US and the world economy. There have been decades of research in industrial organization devoted to understanding how one can (and cannot) reliably learn about the causes and consequences of market power and markups-that is, a positive difference between price and marginal cost. Starting about 30 years ago (Bresnahan 1989), the field of industrial organization adopted methods for understanding firm conduct and markets on the basis of the relevant economic primitives: demand, cost, and pricing conduct. Thus, under the assumptions that firms maximize profits and have to cover their total costs, the equilibrium price (and other outcomes, such as product choice, location, quality, and innovation) will be determined by demand, marginal costs, and fixed (possibly sunk) costs, along with the conditions of competition that shape pricing behavior. These conditions are modeled using modern game theory to incorporate imperfect competition, product differentiation, multiproduct firms, and firm entry, as well as a host of industry-specific institutions.

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Section: Detailed Industry Studies Of Market Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Detailed Industry Studies Of Market Powermentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Increasing Markups Matter? Lessons from Empirical Industrial Organization

Berry

Gaynor

Morton

2019

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“…As an occupation and way of life, farming is facing rapid change and increasing challenges worldwide. As demand for production increases, farms are growing in size and using greater mechanization (MacDonald et al, 2018). These changes are reflected by a decreasing workforce (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2012; United States Department of Agriculture, 2014)—compounding the social and geographic isolation of shrinking rural communities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of farming‐ and non‐farming‐related suicides from the United States’ National Violent Deaths Reporting System, 2003–2016

Kennedy

Cerel

Kheibari

et al. 2021

Suicide & Life Threat Behav

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Farmers are at higher risk of suicide than other occupations and the general population. The complex suicide risk factors have not been examined in a large, population‐wide study across a significant time period. This observational study draws on existing data from the United States’ National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS), including 140,523 farming‐ or non‐farming‐related suicide decedents between 2003 and 2016 from across 40 states. “Farming‐related” decedents included 2,801 suicides. Farmers had higher odds of being male, older, less well‐educated, and American Indian/Alaska Native. Farmers had higher odds of using firearms and—when farmers used a gun—higher odds of using a long‐arm weapon. Farmers had lower odds of having a known mental health condition or job problem, and lower odds of having made a previous suicide attempt or leaving a suicide note. Findings highlight the complexity of suicide risk within the context of farming in the United States and reinforce the need for tailored prevention efforts; employing means restriction of firearms; and emphasizing that traditional risk factors may not be as common in the farming population.

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“…Moreover, short term projects exiting at 5, 10, and 15 years, according to ton-year accounting, yield a value of $60 billion. The number of projects and areas required (e.g., 10,000-50,000 ha) to achieve the NEE (tCO 2 e 2.76 billion) in this hypothetical scenario is 55,200 compared to~67 CDM forest projects recorded since 2006 [74] (see Appendix A, Table A2 for additional details); in contrast there are~1.5 million farms in the US alone [75]. The forgoing comparison is a stark reminder of the scale of action needed to reverse deforestation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Science to Commerce: A Commercial-Scale Protocol for Carbon Trading Applied to a 28-Year Record of Forest Carbon Monitoring at the Harvard Forest

Bautista

Marino

Munger

2021

Land

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Forest carbon sequestration offset protocols have been employed for more than 20 years with limited success in slowing deforestation and increasing forest carbon trading volume. Direct measurement of forest carbon flux improves quantification for trading but has not been applied to forest carbon research projects with more than 600 site installations worldwide. In this study, we apply carbon accounting methods, scaling hours to decades to 28-years of scientific CO2 eddy covariance data for the Harvard Forest (US-Ha1), located in central Massachusetts, USA, establishing commercial carbon trading protocols and applications for similar sites. We illustrate and explain transactions of high-frequency direct measurement for CO2 net ecosystem exchange (NEE, gC m−2 year−1) that track and monetize ecosystem carbon dynamics in contrast to approaches that rely on forest mensuration and growth models. NEE, based on eddy covariance methodology, quantifies loss of CO2 by ecosystem respiration accounted for as an unavoidable debit to net carbon sequestration. Retrospective analysis of the US-Ha1 NEE times series including carbon pricing, interval analysis, and ton-year exit accounting and revenue scenarios inform entrepreneur, investor, and landowner forest carbon commercialization strategies. CO2 efflux accounts for ~45% of US-Ha1 NEE, or an error of ~466% if excluded; however, the decades-old coupled human and natural system remains a financially viable net carbon sink. We introduce isoflux NEE for t13C16O2 and t12C18O16O to directly partition and quantify daytime ecosystem respiration and photosynthesis, creating new soil carbon commerce applications and derivative products in contrast to undifferentiated bulk soil carbon pool approaches. Eddy covariance NEE methods harmonize and standardize carbon commerce across diverse forest applications including, a New England, USA regional eddy covariance network, the Paris Agreement, and related climate mitigation platforms.

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Tracking the Consolidation of U.S. Agriculture

Cited by 58 publications

References 12 publications

Do Increasing Markups Matter? Lessons from Empirical Industrial Organization

Do Increasing Markups Matter? Lessons from Empirical Industrial Organization

A comparison of farming‐ and non‐farming‐related suicides from the United States’ National Violent Deaths Reporting System, 2003–2016

Science to Commerce: A Commercial-Scale Protocol for Carbon Trading Applied to a 28-Year Record of Forest Carbon Monitoring at the Harvard Forest

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