Tracking of body mass index from 7 to 69 years of age

Aarestrup, Julie; Bjerregaard, Lise G.; Gamborg, Michael; Ängquist, Lars; Tjønneland, Anne; Overvad, Kim; Linneberg, Allan; Osler, Merete; Mortensen, Erik Lykke; Gyntelberg, Finn; Lund, Rikke; Sørensen, Thorkild I A; Baker, Jennifer L.

doi:10.1038/ijo.2016.88

Cited by 70 publications

(49 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Because of tracking,3 the observed between-cohort difference in adolescent BMI (due to infant weight gain) may not attenuate substantially/quickly with age and may have long-term consequences for health. Results of a recently published responsive parenting intervention (including messages about infant feeding, sleep hygiene, active social play, emotion regulation and growth record education) to prevent rapid infant weight gain have been promising 31.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant weight gain and adolescent body mass index: comparison across two British cohorts born in 1946 and 2001

Johnson

Bann²,

Hardy

2018

Arch Dis Child

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ObjectiveTo investigate how the relationship of infant weight gain with adolescent body mass index (BMI) differs for individuals born during and before the obesity epidemic era.DesignData from two British birth cohorts, the 1946 National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD, n=4199) and the 2001 Millennium Cohort Study (MCS, n=9417), were used to estimate and compare associations of infant weight gain between ages 0 and 3 years with adolescent outcomes.Main outcome measuresBMI Z-scores and overweight/obesity at ages 11 and 14 years.ResultsInfant weight gain, in Z-scores, was positively associated with adolescent BMI Z-scores in both cohorts. Non-linearity in the MCS meant that associations were only stronger than in the NSHD when infant weight gain was above −1 Z-score. Using decomposition analysis, between-cohort differences in association accounted for 20%–30% of the differences (secular increases) in BMI Z-scores, although the underlying estimates were not precise with 95% CIs crossing 0. Conversely, between-cohort differences in the distribution of infant weight gain accounted for approximately 9% of the differences (secular increases) in BMI Z-scores, and the underlying estimates were precise with 95% CI not crossing 0. Relative to normal weight gain (change of −0.67 to +0.67 Z-scores between ages 0 and 3 years), very rapid infant weight gain (>1.34), but not rapid weight gain (+0.67 to +1.34), was associated with higher BMI Z-scores more strongly in the MCS (β=0.790; 95% CI 0.717 to 0.862 at age 11 years) than in the NSHD (0.573; 0.466 to 0.681) (p<0.001 for between-cohort difference). The relationship of slow infant weight gain (<−0.67) with lower adolescent BMI was also stronger in the MCS. Very rapid or slow infant weight gain was not, however, more strongly associated with increased risk of adolescent overweight/obesity or thinness, respectively, in the more recently born cohort.ConclusionsGreater infant weight gain, at the middle/upper end of the distribution, was more strongly associated with higher adolescent BMI among individuals born during (compared with before) the obesity epidemic. Combined with a secular change towards greater infant weight gain, these results suggest that there are likely to be associated negative consequences for population-level health and well-being in the future, unless effective interventions are developed and implemented.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infant weight gain and adolescent body mass index: comparison across two British cohorts born in 1946 and 2001

Johnson

Bann²,

Hardy

2018

Arch Dis Child

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“…Results are inconclusive for those ≥10 y post-treatment, although overweight prevalence (34-46%) in these long-term ALL survivors seemed to be similar to that in noncancer comparison groups (4). Risk factors for overweight in the general population are sedentary lifestyle, low (≤2.5 kg) and high (>4 kg) birth weights (6,7), and overweight during early childhood (8). In CCSs, most risk factors were the same as in the general population, but no study has considered birth weight.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Overweight in childhood cancer survivors: the Swiss Childhood Cancer Survivor Study

Belle

Weiß

Schindler

et al. 2018

The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition

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Background: An increased risk of becoming overweight has been reported for childhood cancer survivors (CCSs), in particular leukemia survivors, although the evidence is inconclusive. Objective: We assessed the prevalence of overweight in CCSs, with a focus on leukemia survivors, compared it with their peers, and determined potential risk factors. Design: As part of the Swiss Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, we sent a questionnaire between 2007 and 2013 to all Swiss resident CCSs aged <21 y at diagnosis who had survived ≥5 y. We calculated body mass index (BMI) from medical records at diagnosis and self-reported heights and weights at survey. We calculated BMI z scores by using Swiss references for children and compared overweight prevalence in CCSs, their siblings, and the general population with the use of the Swiss Health Survey (SHS) and assessed risk factors for being overweight by using multivariable logistic regression. Results: The study included 2365 CCSs, 819 siblings, and 9591 SHS participants. At survey, at an average of 15 y after diagnosis, the prevalence of overweight in CCSs overall (26%) and in leukemia survivors (26%) was similar to that in siblings (22%) and the general population (25%). Risk factors for being overweight in CCSs were male sex (OR: 1.8; 95% CI: 1.5, 2.1), both young (OR for ages 5-14 y: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2, 2.3) and older (range-OR for ages 25-29 y: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.2, 2.4; OR for ages 40-45 y: 4.0; 95% CI: 2.5, 6.5) age at study, lower education (OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1, 1.8), migration background (OR: 1.3; 95% CI: 1.1, 1.7), and no sports participation (OR: 1.4; 95% CI: 1.1, 1.7). Risk factors for overweight were similar in peers. CCSs treated with cranial radiotherapy (≥20 Gy) were more likely to be overweight than their peers (OR: 1.6; 95% CI: 1.2, 2.2). Conclusions:The prevalence of and risk factors for being overweight are similar in long-term CCSs and their peers. This suggests that prevention methods can be the same as in the general population. An important exception is CCSs treated with cranial radiotherapy ≥20 Gy who may need extra attention during follow-up care. This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03297034. Am J Clin Nutr 2018;107:3-11.

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“…They did not include measures of body size during childhood. The prevalence of overweight is higher in adulthood than in childhood [23], which means that not all children have become overweight yet at 7 years of age. Had we defined overweight at an older age in childhood or adulthood the number of cases would have been higher.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Had we defined overweight at an older age in childhood or adulthood the number of cases would have been higher. However, overweight in childhood is a strong predictor of overweight in adulthood and a risk factor for a long list of diseases [23,24]. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonatal Vitamin D Levels in Relation to Risk of Overweight at 7 Years in the Danish D-Tect Case-Cohort Study

et al. 2017

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Background: Vitamin D level in pregnancy may be associated with risk of overweight in the offspring later in life. Methods: In a case-cohort study based on Danish biobanks and registers we examined the association between 25-hydroxy-vitamin D (25(OH)D) level at birth and overweight at 7 years. Cases of overweight (n = 871) were randomly selected among 7-year-old children from the Copenhagen School Health Records Register (CSHRR) with a BMI above the 90th percentile. The cohort (n = 1,311) was a random sample selected among all Danish children born during the same period. Neonatal 25(OH)D was measured in dried blood spots. Results: 25(OH)D₃ exhibited the expected seasonal variation. Median level of 25(OH)D₃ was 20.6 (11.9-33.3) nmol/l in the overweight group and 23.4 (13.5-34.3) nmol/l in the cohort. We found no association between neonatal 25(OH)D₃ level and risk of overweight at age 7 years, neither in the crude model (OR (CI) 1.00 (0.99; 1.00)) nor in a model adjusted for maternal ethnicity, educational level, civil status, parity, season and year of birth, and offspring ponderal index (OR (CI) 1.00 (0.99; 1.01)). Conclusion: Risk of overweight at 7 years of age was not associated with vitamin D level at birth.

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Tracking of body mass index from 7 to 69 years of age

Abstract: BMI tracking was weaker at late adult ages than at young adult ages. Although BMI tracks across the life course, childhood BMI is relatively poor at identifying later adult overweight or obesity at ages when chronic diseases generally emerge.

Cited by 70 publications

References 45 publications

Infant weight gain and adolescent body mass index: comparison across two British cohorts born in 1946 and 2001

Infant weight gain and adolescent body mass index: comparison across two British cohorts born in 1946 and 2001

Overweight in childhood cancer survivors: the Swiss Childhood Cancer Survivor Study

Neonatal Vitamin D Levels in Relation to Risk of Overweight at 7 Years in the Danish D-Tect Case-Cohort Study

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