Tracking live cell response to cadmium (II) concentrations by scanning electrochemical microscopy

Probing Cd2+-Stressed Live Cell Membrane Permeability with Various Redox Mediators in Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy

“…4 It can compete with the essential metals (e.g., Zn 2+ ), displacing them in metalloenzymes or metalloproteins, resulting in dysfunctions. 1,4 On the cellular level, Cd 2+ has been shown to induce membrane integrity loss, 6,7 membrane permeability changes, 8,9 and cellular death. 6,7,10 Dyes, such as propidium iodide 6 or trypan blue, 11 can provide insight into cell viability, as these dyes cannot permeate healthy cells (dye exclusion methods).…”

“…8,35,45,52,53 We have previously used ferrocenemethanol (FcCH 2 OH) as a molecular probe to investigate membrane permeability changes in single live human bladder cancer (T24) cells under Cd 2+ and cisplatin stimulations. 8,9,33,53 While relative changes in permeability can be observed, the molecular probe itself is permeable to the cell. It becomes attractive to select a sensing agent that will display strong contrast between control (impermeable) and stressed cells (permeable).…”

Research advances of scanning electrochemical microscopy in biomedical field

“…(a) 直径25 μm的铂圆盘微电极 [53] ; (b) 玻璃管微电极 [39] ; (c) 碳/玻璃微管双 通道电极 [40] ; (d) 金/玻璃微管微圆环双通道电极 [25] ; (e) 直径114 nm的铂纳米电极 [51] ; (f) 玻璃管纳米电极 [52] (网络版彩图) [58] ; (b) 可编程-SECM表 征细胞原理示意图和对PC12细胞高度、膜通透性和呼吸作用三个参数的连续表征图像 [59] ; (c) 应用纳米电极检测单突触神经 递质的释放过程示意图和结果图 [52] (网络版彩图) [21] ; (b) SECM系统与局部给药和 细胞培养舱结合检测心肌细胞的搏动情况和耗氧量 [22] ; 应用SECM (c) 研究不同硬度基质上心肌细胞的GSH外排通量 [64] , (d) 健康和病理性hmMSCs细胞内的氧化还原状态 [66,67] (网络版彩图) Figure 6 Application examples of SECM in studies of cardiomyocytes. (a) Application of SECM to characterize the pulsation and oxygen consumption of cardiomyocytes [21]; (b) Application of SECM combined with micropipette injection system and cell culture chamber to detect the pulsation and oxygen consumption of cardiomyocytes [22]; Applications of SECM to investigate (c) the efflux of GSH released from cardiomyocytes cultured on the substrates with different stiffness [64] [69] ; (b) SECM用于检测细 胞表面SEAP表达的原理示意图和微孔阵列中HeLa细胞的荧光和SEAP表达的SECM图像 [71] ; (c) SECM研究GSH外排的原理示 意图和HeLa细胞GSH外排的 SECM图像 [8] ; (d) SECM检测膜渗透性的原理示意图及不同浓度CdCl 2 加入后T24细胞的光学显 微镜照片和FcMeOH扩散的SECM图像 [76] ; (e) SECM检测T24细胞释放H 2 O 2 的原理示意图和不同时间T24细胞外H 2 O 2 电流的 SECM图像 [15] ; (f) 应用镀铂碳纳米电极作SECM探针, 检测乳腺癌细胞(MDA-MB-231、MDA-MB-468、MCF-10A)内ROS/ RNS(H 2 O 2 、ONOO − 、NO和NO 2 − )的伏安图 [16] (网络版彩图) . 之后, Bard课题组 细胞表面不同位置对FcCH 2 OH渗透系数的一致性 [75] .…”

Recent Advances in Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for Biological Applications

“…To quantify the membrane permeability coefficients of these hydrophilic redox mediators under the treatment of Cd 2+ , the authors established a simulation model in 2D axial symmetry using COMSOL Multiphysics. The model geometry, including the tip size and the shape of the electrolyte cell, were redesigned to be representative of the physical dimensions of all of the elements in this biological SECM system [153,154]. In this model, the approach curves showed less negative feedback characteristics with an increasing permeability coefficient from 0 to 1.0 × 10 − 3 m/s.…”