Tracking butterfly movements with harmonic radar reveals an effect of population age on movement distance

Ovaskainen, Otso; Smith, A. D.; Osborne, Juliet L.; Reynolds, D. R.; Carreck, Norman; Martin, Andrew P.; Niitepõld, Kristjan; Hanski, Ilkka

doi:10.1073/pnas.0802066105

Cited by 114 publications

(142 citation statements)

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“…The observed variation among individuals during a single short flight bout can be expected to have significant consequences for the fitness and dispersal distances in the life time of a butterfly, during which it performs thousands of such short flight bouts (see Ovaskainen et al. 2008). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ovaskainen et al. (2008) showed that the longer dispersal distances at low ambient temperatures of butterflies from newly colonized populations, which consist of dispersive individuals with higher than average FMR (Hanski et al. 2002; Haag et al.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the experiment of Ovaskainen et al. (2008) on freely flying butterflies followed with a harmonic radar, the average distance travelled during a flight bout was 32 m. In the present experiment, the butterfly was allowed to either to land on its own ( n = 65 flight experiments) or in order to measure changes in T b during longer flights, the butterfly was chased to continue its flight immediately after landing ( n = 103). The average duration of natural (nondisturbed) flight bouts was 9.1 sec (SD = 5.32 sec), whereas the chasing resulted in the average flight time of 16.4 sec (SD = 9.12 sec; the short time during which the butterfly was on the ground is excluded).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2009) has superior performance in low ambient temperatures: Individuals with this genotype move more often (Ovaskainen et al. 2008) and longer distances in low ambient temperatures in the field (Niitepõld et al. 2009) than the alternative SNP genotypes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal biology of flight in a butterfly: genotype, flight metabolism, and environmental conditions

Mattila

2015

Ecology and Evolution

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Knowledge of the effects of thermal conditions on animal movement and dispersal is necessary for a mechanistic understanding of the consequences of climate change and habitat fragmentation. In particular, the flight of ectothermic insects such as small butterflies is greatly influenced by ambient temperature. Here, variation in body temperature during flight is investigated in an ecological model species, the Glanville fritillary butterfly (Melitaea cinxia). Attention is paid on the effects of flight metabolism, genotypes at candidate loci, and environmental conditions. Measurements were made under a natural range of conditions using infrared thermal imaging. Heating of flight muscles by flight metabolism has been presumed to be negligible in small butterflies. However, the results demonstrate that Glanville fritillary males with high flight metabolic rate maintain elevated body temperature better during flight than males with a low rate of flight metabolism. This effect is likely to have a significant influence on the dispersal performance and fitness of butterflies and demonstrates the possible importance of intraspecific physiological variation on dispersal in other similar ectothermic insects. The results also suggest that individuals having an advantage in low ambient temperatures can be susceptible to overheating at high temperatures. Further, tolerance of high temperatures may be important for flight performance, as indicated by an association of heat‐shock protein (Hsp70) genotype with flight metabolic rate and body temperature at takeoff. The dynamics of body temperature at flight and factors affecting it also differed significantly between female and male butterflies, indicating that thermal dynamics are governed by different mechanisms in the two sexes. This study contributes to knowledge about factors affecting intraspecific variation in dispersal‐related thermal performance in butterflies and other insects. Such information is needed for predictive models of the evolution of dispersal in the face of habitat fragmentation and climate change.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermal biology of flight in a butterfly: genotype, flight metabolism, and environmental conditions

Mattila

2015

Ecology and Evolution

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“…Whereas birds can be ring marked or tracked via GPS or sun loggers, only the very largest and least abundant insects can be equipped with electronic tags [2,3]. While research in the area of radar entomology has been conducted over several decades and numerous interesting applications have been described [4], laser radar (light detection and ranging; lidar) systems in the optical regime have the potential of achieving a far better sensitivity and address and classify even the tiniest insects, simply because most insects are much smaller than the wavelengths of microwaves used in radars but larger than the wavelengths of light.…”

Section: Remote Optical In-situ Insect Monitoringmentioning

confidence: 99%

SUPER RESOLUTION LASER RADAR WITH BLINKING ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES ---- APPLICATION TO INTERACTING FLYING INSECTS (Invited Paper)

Brydegaard¹,

Gebru²,

Svanberg³

2014

PIER

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Abstract-Assessment of biodiversity of pollinators on the landscape scale or estimation of fluxes of disease-transmitting biting midges constitutes a major technical challenge today. We have developed a laser-radar system for field entomology based on the so called Scheimpflug principle and a continuouswave laser. The sample-rate of this method is unconstrained by the round-trip time of the light, and the method allows assessment of the fast oscillatory insect wing-beats and harmonics over kilometers range, e.g., for species identification and relating abundances to the topography. Whereas range resolution in conventional lidars is limited by the pulse duration, systems of the Scheimpflug type are limited by the diffraction of the telescopes. However, in the case of sparse occurrence of the atmospheric insects, where the optical cross-section oscillates, estimation of the range and spacing between individuals with a precision beyond the diffraction limit is now demonstrated. This enables studies of insect interaction processes in-situ. REMOTE OPTICAL IN-SITU INSECT MONITORINGAlthough tiny in size, the massive number of insects makes them play a key role in most eco-systems around the globe. While the Western world experiences significant economic losses in agriculture due to lack of biodiversity and the colony collapse disorder of pollinators [1], disease vectors and pests are feared and, to a great extent, blamed for stagnating the development in tropical parts of the world.Whereas birds can be ring marked or tracked via GPS or sun loggers, only the very largest and least abundant insects can be equipped with electronic tags [2,3]. While research in the area of radar entomology has been conducted over several decades and numerous interesting applications have been described [4], laser radar (light detection and ranging; lidar) systems in the optical regime have the potential of achieving a far better sensitivity and address and classify even the tiniest insects, simply because most insects are much smaller than the wavelengths of microwaves used in radars but larger than the wavelengths of light. Further, optical off-the-shelf components allow spectral-and polarimetric target classification, providing molecular as well as microstructure information [5,6]. Along these lines our group has previously demonstrated lidar remote detection of insects labeled with fluorescent powders, e.g., for assessing dispersal rates on a landscape scale [7,8].Today a major limitation in ecological entomology is that insect abundance assessment is based on sweep nets, light-, pheromone-or CO 2 -traps. Placing and emptying the traps are tedious operations and constitute a major effort, and the results are known to be biased with respect to the species, sexes and age groups caught. Although trapping allows precise studies with microscopes, mass spectrometry

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Spatially varying density dependence drives a shifting mosaic of survival in a recovering apex predator (Canis lupus)

O’Neil

Bump

Beyer

2017

Ecology and Evolution

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Understanding landscape patterns in mortality risk is crucial for promoting recovery of threatened and endangered species. Humans affect mortality risk in large carnivores such as wolves (Canis lupus), but spatiotemporally varying density dependence can significantly influence the landscape of survival. This potentially occurs when density varies spatially and risk is unevenly distributed. We quantified spatiotemporal sources of variation in survival rates of gray wolves (C. lupus) during a 21‐year period of population recovery in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA. We focused on mapping risk across time using Cox Proportional Hazards (CPH) models with time‐dependent covariates, thus exploring a shifting mosaic of survival. Extended CPH models and time‐dependent covariates revealed influences of seasonality, density dependence and experience, as well as individual‐level factors and landscape predictors of risk. We used results to predict the shifting landscape of risk at the beginning, middle, and end of the wolf recovery time series. Survival rates varied spatially and declined over time. Long‐term change was density‐dependent, with landscape predictors such as agricultural land cover and edge densities contributing negatively to survival. Survival also varied seasonally and depended on individual experience, sex, and resident versus transient status. The shifting landscape of survival suggested that increasing density contributed to greater potential for human conflict and wolf mortality risk. Long‐term spatial variation in key population vital rates is largely unquantified in many threatened, endangered, and recovering species. Variation in risk may indicate potential for source‐sink population dynamics, especially where individuals preemptively occupy suitable territories, which forces new individuals into riskier habitat types as density increases. We encourage managers to explore relationships between adult survival and localized changes in population density. Density‐dependent risk maps can identify increasing conflict areas or potential habitat sinks which may persist due to high recruitment in adjacent habitats.

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Tracking butterfly movements with harmonic radar reveals an effect of population age on movement distance

Cited by 114 publications

References 27 publications

Thermal biology of flight in a butterfly: genotype, flight metabolism, and environmental conditions

Thermal biology of flight in a butterfly: genotype, flight metabolism, and environmental conditions

SUPER RESOLUTION LASER RADAR WITH BLINKING ATMOSPHERIC PARTICLES ---- APPLICATION TO INTERACTING FLYING INSECTS (Invited Paper)

Spatially varying density dependence drives a shifting mosaic of survival in a recovering apex predator (Canis lupus)

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