Tracing the source of methomyl using stable isotope analysis

Song, Byeong-Yeol; Gwak, Seongshin; Jung, Minji; Nam, Geummun; Kim, Nam Yee

doi:10.1002/rcm.8039

Cited by 8 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios were then measured by IRMS. The 13 C/ 12 C and 15 N/ 14 N isotope ratios are expressed as δ 13 C and δ 15 N values per mill (‰) relative to Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) and air, respectively 21 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary stable isotope analyses for propellant discrimination in shotshells

Kim

Song

Kim

et al. 2021

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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Rationale This study aimed to develop methods to determine the identity and trace the origin of propellants used in shotshells. Specifically, the use of organic component and stable isotope analysis techniques, such as bulk stable isotope analysis (BSIA) and compound‐specific isotope analysis (CSIA) techniques, for the study of shotshell propellants was investigated. Methods Nine samples of shotshell propellants from different manufacturing countries and brands were analyzed for explosive and additive components by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and thin‐layer chromatography. BSIA of the propellants was achieved using elemental analysis/isotope ratio mass spectrometry without a pretreatment process. For the CSIA of nitroglycerin, double‐base powder propellants were extracted with ether, and the isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen were measured by gas chromatography/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Results Nine samples drawn from seven brands in four countries were classified into five groups by organic component analysis, while eight classification groups were identified by BSIA. Thus, two samples could not be distinguished from each other by either BSIA or organic component analysis. Subsequently, with the use of results obtained with CSIA for nitroglycerin, all the samples could be classified into different groups. These findings suggest that the nine propellant samples were all composed of different ingredients or raw materials from different sources. Conclusions Stable isotope ratio analyses were performed for propellant discrimination. The combined BSIA, CSIA and organic component analysis techniques were able to successfully distinguish the nine shotshell propellants from seven brands sourced from four different countries, and the results suggested that the samples contained different ingredients or raw materials from different sources. We therefore can conclude that reliable results can be obtained using combined isotope analysis methods such as CSIA and BSIA for origin tracing and identity determination.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preliminary stable isotope analyses for propellant discrimination in shotshells

Kim

Song

Kim

et al. 2021

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

Self Cite

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“…It improves the detection of the isotope values of specificity in the compound of interest. A recent study by Song et al [ 84 ] also showed the great potential of using stable isotopes to trace the source of methomyl in murder cases caused by methomyl as poison, which is unaffected by methomyl metabolite (i.e., methomyl oxime) using GC-IRMS. A methomyl, a prohibited insecticide, is highly toxic and is often used for self-poisoning and sometimes for poisoning of murder convicts [ 98 , 99 ].…”

Section: Applications Of Csia For Monitor Pesticide Pollution In Environments and Agricultural Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In 2016, in the process of investigating deaths from drinking alcohol with added methomyl, a forensic research team was able to find a suspect with a pesticide with the same carbon-stable isotope value of methomyl in the alcohols. The stable value of the methomyl carbon isotope served as a ‘smoking gun’ to find suspects, and this study also presented results on fractionation in the process of obtaining evidence, such as no changes in isotope ratio on the influence of intestinal pH [ 84 ]. These interesting examples support the possibility of the differentiation of pesticides through differences in isotopes in raw materials and composition.…”

Section: Applications Of Csia For Monitor Pesticide Pollution In Environments and Agricultural Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In another study of CSIA of pesticides, the findings also suggested that using a combination of several isotopes (e.g., C, N, and Cl) could provide greater certainty in determining the origin of a given herbicide [ 35 ]. Subsequently, several cases have been reported that successfully locate or trace the source of pesticides using isotopic ratios not based only on pesticide [ 43 , 84 ]. This allows stable isotopes to play a very important role in determining the origins of the raw materials; therefore, a study that analyzed eight different diazinon manufacturers, and extensively used organophosphate insecticide, showed that values of δ 13 C were significantly different in each product, ranging from −30.7‰ to −21.7‰.…”

Section: Applications Of Csia For Monitor Pesticide Pollution In Environments and Agricultural Productsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Application of Compound-Specific Isotope Analysis in Environmental Forensic and Strategic Management Avenue for Pesticide Residues

et al. 2021

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Unintended pesticide pollution in soil, crops, and adjacent environments has caused several issues for both pesticide users and consumers. For users, pesticides utilized should provide higher yield and lower persistence while considering both the environment and agricultural products. Most people are concerned that agricultural products expose humans to pesticides accumulating in vegetation. Thus, many countries have guidelines for assessing and managing pesticide pollution, for farming in diverse environments, as all life forms in soil are untargeted to these pesticides. The stable isotope approach has been a useful technique to find the source of organic matter in studies relating to aquatic ecology and environmental sciences since the 1980s. In this study, we discuss commonly used analytical methods using liquid and gas chromatography coupled with isotopic ratio mass spectrometry, as well as the advanced compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA). CSIA applications are discussed for tracing organic pollutants and understanding chemical reactions (mechanisms) in natural environments. It shows great applicability for the issues on unintended pesticide pollution in several environments with the progress history of isotope application in agricultural and environmental studies. We also suggest future study directions based on the forensic applications of stable isotope analysis to trace pesticides in the environment and crops.

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“…Stable isotope analysis has been used to trace the source of methomyl, 93 as the degradation products of carbamate pesticides are generally non-toxic substances such as NH 4 − , SO 4 2− , and CO 2 . Isotopic fractionation during CSIA can be used to determine the type of reaction that triggers the degradation of a contaminant, specifically by describing the chemical bond changes in the reaction pathway.…”

Section: Pesticide Categories and Csia Technologymentioning

confidence: 99%