Tracing the path of forgetting in rule abstraction and exemplar retrieval

Hoffmann, Janina A.; Helversen, Bettina von; Weilbächer, Regina Agnes; Rieskamp, Jörg

doi:10.1177/1747021817739861

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 66 publications

(128 reference statements)

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“…For instance, in the study by Hoffmann et al (2014), exemplars were presented 10 times before participants entered the judgment phase. The use of exemplar memory becomes more likely, the more accurately participants can recall the exemplars (Hoffmann et al, 2014; Hoffmann et al, 2018; Johansen & Palmeri, 2002). This enhancement may be explained through a more distinct memory representation (Rouder & Ratcliff, 2004) of the seen exemplars or by a larger number of stored memory traces for exemplars (Dougherty et al, 1999; Nosofsky & Palmeri, 1997).…”

Section: Lan and Memory Retrievalmentioning

confidence: 99%

When the eyes have it and when not: How multiple sources of activation combine to guide eye movements during multiattribute decision making.

Rosner¹,

Schaffner²,

Helversen³

2022

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Memory plays a major but underexplored role in judgment and decision making (JDM). Studying eye movements-especially how people look at empty spatial locations when retrieving from memory information previously associated with those locations-provides useful information about how memory influences JDM. This so-called looking-at-nothing behavior is thought to reflect memory-driven allocation of attention. However, eye movements are also guided toward salient visual stimuli, such as test items presented on a screen. It is unclear how these multiple sources of activation combine to guide looking-at-nothing in JDM. We investigated this question in two experiments in which participants solved multiattribute categorization tasks using an exemplar-based decision strategy. In the first experiment, we tested how the occurrence and the strength of looking-at-nothing vary with the presentation format and the amount of training participants received. Looking-at-nothing occurred during categorizations when test-item information was presented auditorily and visually, but for the latter only after visual information was removed from the screen. It occurred both when training items were learned by heart and when they were presented 10 times on the screen. A second experiment revealed that an explicit instruction to imagine retrieval-relevant information during categorizations increased lookingat-nothing but did not change the decision-making process. The results shed light on the interaction between eye movements and attention to information in memory during JDM that can be explained in light of a shared priority map in memory. A detailed understanding of this interaction forms the basis for using eye movements to study memory processes in JDM.

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Section: Lan and Memory Retrievalmentioning

confidence: 99%

When the eyes have it and when not: How multiple sources of activation combine to guide eye movements during multiattribute decision making.

Rosner¹,

Schaffner²,

Helversen³

2022

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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“…The exemplar model we use as an example in this paper is based on the context model of Medin and Schaffer ( 1978 ) extended to account for the continuous criterion in multiple-cue judgments (Juslin et al, 2003 ). This and similar exemplar models have been used in many studies of multiple-cue judgments, where it is assumed that judgments are based on the memory of previously encountered exemplars (e.g., Bröder & Gräf, 2018 ; Bröder, Gräf, & Kieslich, 2017 ; Juslin et al, 2003 ; Hoffmann et al, 2013 ; Hoffmann et al, 2014 ; Hoffmann, von Helversen, Weilbächer, & Rieskamp, 2018 ; Karlsson et al, 2008 ; Platzer & Bröder, 2013 ; von Helversen & Rieskamp, 2008 ; von Helversen, Mata, & Olsson, 2010 ; Wirebring et al, 2018 ). According to this model, when a judgment is made about a probe (i.e., a stimulus that has to be judged), the judge considers the similarity of the probe to all of the previously encountered exemplars.…”

Section: Exemplar Model Used In Multiple-cue Judgment Researchmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exemplar-based judgment or direct recall: On a problematic procedure for estimating parameters in exemplar models of quantitative judgment

Izydorczyk

Bröder

2021

Psychon Bull Rev

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Exemplar models are often used in research on multiple-cue judgments to describe the underlying process of participants’ responses. In these experiments, participants are repeatedly presented with the same exemplars (e.g., poisonous bugs) and instructed to memorize these exemplars and their corresponding criterion values (e.g., the toxicity of a bug). We propose that there are two possible outcomes when participants judge one of the already learned exemplars in some later block of the experiment. They either have memorized the exemplar and their respective criterion value and are thus able to recall the exact value, or they have not learned the exemplar and thus have to judge its criterion value, as if it was a new stimulus. We argue that psychologically, the judgments of participants in a multiple-cue judgment experiment are a mixture of these two qualitatively distinct cognitive processes: judgment and recall. However, the cognitive modeling procedure usually applied does not make any distinction between these processes and the data generated by them. We investigated potential effects of disregarding the distinction between these two processes on the parameter recovery and the model fit of one exemplar model. We present results of a simulation as well as the reanalysis of five experimental data sets showing that the current combination of experimental design and modeling procedure can bias parameter estimates, impair their validity, and negatively affect the fit and predictive performance of the model. We also present a latent-mixture extension of the original model as a possible solution to these issues.

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“…In addition, rule-based learning (combined cues with an abstract principle) has been reported during associative learning both in human and animal studies (Racht-Delatour and Massioui, 1999;Wills et al, 2011;Maes et al, 2017;Broschard et al, 2019). Compared with remembering only separate cues, rule-based learning is more stable with the passing of time and can adjust to various contexts (Hoffmann et al, 2018). That is, the strategies to solve problems obtained from our experience are more reliable in memory and can facilitate subsequent new learning.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Memory Traces Diminished by Exercise Affect New Learning as Proactive Facilitation

Zhou

2020

Front. Neurosci.

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Exercise enhances cognitive function through increased neurogenesis but can also cause neurogenesis-induced forgetting. It remains unclear whether the diminished memory traces are completely forgotten. Our goals were to determine whether spatial memory is diminished by exercise, and if so, whether the memory is completely gone or whether only the local details disappear but not the acquired strategy. Two-monthold male C57BL/6J mice were trained on a spatial memory task using the Morris water maze and tested to determine that they had learned the platform location. Another mouse group received no training. Half the mice in each group then exercised on a running wheel, while the other half remained sedentary in home cages. After 4 weeks of this, previously trained mice were tested for their retention of the platform location. All mice were then subjected to the task, but the platform was located in a different position (reversal learning for previously trained mice). We found that exercise significantly facilitated the forgetting of the first platform location (i.e., diminished spatial memory) but also significantly enhanced reversal learning. Compared with mice that received no pre-exercise training, mice that had been previously trained, even those in the exercise group that had decreased recall, showed significantly better performance in the reversal learning test. Activation of new adult-born neurons was also examined. Although newborn neuron activation between groups that had or had not received prior task training was not different, activation was significantly higher in exercise groups than in sedentary groups after the probe test for reversal learning. These results indicated that the experience of pre-exercise training equally facilitated new learning in the sedentary and exercise groups, even though significantly lower memory retention was found in the exercise group, suggesting rule-based learning in mice. Furthermore, newborn neurons equally participated in similar and novel memory acquisition.

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Tracing the path of forgetting in rule abstraction and exemplar retrieval

Cited by 5 publications

References 66 publications

When the eyes have it and when not: How multiple sources of activation combine to guide eye movements during multiattribute decision making.

When the eyes have it and when not: How multiple sources of activation combine to guide eye movements during multiattribute decision making.

Exemplar-based judgment or direct recall: On a problematic procedure for estimating parameters in exemplar models of quantitative judgment

Memory Traces Diminished by Exercise Affect New Learning as Proactive Facilitation

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