Tracing skin aging process: a mini- review of in vitro approaches

Inflamm-Aging: A Mechanism of Aging That Contributes to the Characteristics of Skin Involvement in Systemic Sclerosis

“…The dermis is composed of an extracellular matrix of collagenous, elastic fibers, and glycosaminoglycans, which are fibrillar proteins produced by the predominant cells, fibroblasts [13,15,16]. Besides fibroblasts, the dermis comprises dendritic cells, macrophages, mast cells, and other cells of the immune system.…”

“…With aging, the structure of the dermis deteriorates due to disorganized extracellular matrix (ECM) formation after changes in ECM protein turnover or accumulation of post-translational modifications [1,14]. These alterations in the dermis cause wrinkles and sagging of skin [16].…”

“…Lowgrade continuum systemic inflammation, known as inflamm-aging and caused by immunosenescence, is associated with an elevation in the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-alpha, which, as expected, provoke the emergence of age-related inflammatory diseases, such as type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Even though the effect of inflamm-aging on aging is wellknown, its role in skin aging is still little known [2,12,16].…”

“…Over time, these senescent cells accumulate in the skin and are associated with the production of enzymes, including matrix metalloproteinases, serine proteases, and cathepsins, leading to alteration of the morphology of the elastic fibers, and consequently weakening of skin strength and elasticity. All in all, immunosenescence and inflamm-aging cause skin aging by changing the morphology of the ECM [2,16].…”

Formula Development of Red Palm (Elaeis guineensis) Fruit Extract Loaded with Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Containing Creams and Its Anti-Aging Efficacy in Healthy Volunteers

“…Year after year, the components of the extracellular matrix of the dermis, such as hyaluronic acid, decrease. Wrinkles, loosening, and drooping are all caused by these factors [1,2].…”