Tracing rays through graded-index media: a new method

The article presents the analysis of a double-clad microstructured optical fibre (DC MOF) couplers based on the ray tracing technique. The calculations were done for couplers made of well-defined fibre structures. Such couplers can be employed in laser systems using a DC MOF as a gain medium and a side pumping method which will allow to build fully-fiberized laser systems based on active microstructured fibres.

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“…There is also another method in which the basis for the next step are the radius parameters and two intermediate steps (Sharma et al 1982).…”

Section: Principlesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ray tracing methods in numerical analysis of double-clad microstructured optical fibre coupler

2017

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“…And, the stages of the GRIN using in lens design and the technique for its manufacturing have been discussed in reference [1]. A computerized method for tracing ray through GRIN media has been developed by Sharma, et al (1982) [12]. This method is based upon the numerical solution of ray equation.…”

Section: Grin Concepts and Applicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since this equation is not in a convenient form for direct numerical integration, Sharma [12] has described a numerical method for solving this equation. It is a standard Runge-Kutta [18] method to three dimensions.…”

Section: Ray Trace In Grin Mediummentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These comparisons predict the optimal design of the HTL, i.e., the best location of GRIN element and its GRIN parameter for this range of field angles. In this work, a computational program is written to evaluate the ray trace technique [12] [13] in a GRIN lens. The results obtained by this program were in very good agreement with that of the software ZEMAX program [14] which is used in this study for computing the previous optical merit functions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Study and Design of Hybrid Triplet Lens

Al-Hariby¹,

Kassim²,

Al-Ahdali³

2015

OPJ

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This study presents a new method for designing algorithm for a triplet lens with one or two elements that are made of a gradient index medium (GRIN). This method is based upon considering a well-known designed triplet lens (Cooke triplet lens) as a target lens for designing of the Hybrid Triplet Lens (HTL). Our design was based upon keeping the total optical path length for the axial ray fixed for each case of design. The results showed that several designs for the HTL have the same total powers of the target lens. These designs depend on the variation of the GRIN element parameter values and the order of the GRIN element position in the system. These HTL designs have been evaluated by considering several optical merit functions, i.e., the root mean square (RMS) spot radius, wave front error and the spherical aberration. To achieve the optimal design, these functions are compared for the target lens and the HTL designs through a wide range of field angles.

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“…ʈ The problem of ray tracing in an analytically known index has been treated in the literature (35). To allow rapid tracing through pixelated index data, we developed a different algorithm.…”

Section: Ray Tracing In a Medium With Continuously Varying Refractivementioning

confidence: 99%

Computational adaptive optics for live three-dimensional biological imaging

Kam

Hanser

Gustafsson

et al. 2001

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Light microscopy of thick biological samples, such as tissues, is often limited by aberrations caused by refractive index variations within the sample itself. This problem is particularly severe for live imaging, a field of great current excitement due to the development of inherently fluorescent proteins. We describe a method of removing such aberrations computationally by mapping the refractive index of the sample using differential interference contrast microscopy, modeling the aberrations by ray tracing through this index map, and using space-variant deconvolution to remove aberrations. This approach will open possibilities to study weakly labeled molecules in difficult-to-image live specimens.T he present renaissance in microscopy has been made possible in large part by progress in imaging and analysis of threedimensional (3D) information in whole cells and tissue (1, 2). The development of intrinsically fluorescent proteins (3-5) opened avenues for a wide range of dynamic studies in live sample microscopy. Much like kinetic analysis contributed to understanding mechanisms of chemical reactions, in vivo microscopy is providing new insight into complex, time-dependent cellular mechanisms. Because these mechanisms are often mediated by a small number of molecules, the ability to detect faint signals in vivo is critical.Under their design conditions, modern microscope optics produce nearly ideal aberration-free imaging. However, these conditions are in general true only if the object of interest is immediately adjacent to the coverslip. When focusing into thick samples, the 3D optical characteristics of the sample itself must be considered as part of the optical system. For homogeneous specimens, such as fixed and embedded tissue, the major problem is sample-depth-dependent spherical aberration (6-8); this can be largely corrected for by a choice of appropriate refractive index immersion oil for a particular depth (9, 10), by adjustment of correction collars on special objectives (11), by adjustable optics beyond the objective lens (12), or by computational corrections (13,14).When imaging is attempted in live cells, one has in addition to address further problems that are less severe in fixed preparations: live cells contain a number of organelles, ranging from submicron vesicles to the many micron-sized nuclei, each with its own refractive index (15, 16). The refractive index heterogeneity is equivalent to adding optical elements that locally modify the properties of the 3D microscopic imaging, and thereby cause distortions, degrade image resolution, and reduce the signal-tonoise ratio. As the index variations are local, different regions show different distortions that cannot be corrected by global approaches. A demonstration of such distortions is shown in Fig. 1. These distortions spread out the intensity of a specific fluorescent label, causing what would have been a detectable signal to disappear below the background noise level. Although single fluorophores have been imaged on slides (17-22), even mult...

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Tracing rays through graded-index media: a new method

Cited by 261 publications

References 9 publications

Ray tracing methods in numerical analysis of double-clad microstructured optical fibre coupler

Ray tracing methods in numerical analysis of double-clad microstructured optical fibre coupler

Study and Design of Hybrid Triplet Lens

Computational adaptive optics for live three-dimensional biological imaging

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