“…These kinds of studies focus on finding and tracking the spread of posts that include or link to misinformation, or model how misinformation examples spread and cluster across online communities without purposively sampling communities. Some make use of network structure information in social media platforms to observe how misinformation examples spread (Shao et al., 2018a, 2018b; Tambuscio et al., 2015; Vosoughi et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2019), as well as how promotion of misinformation examples can become concentrated within certain communities (Surian et al., 2016; Schmidt et al., 2017; Wu and Liu, 2018). Studies that construct models of population-level outcomes using measures of information exposure or engagement are extremely rare – examples include models of cardiovascular mortality and vaccine coverage (Dunn et al., 2017; Eichstaedt et al., 2015).…”