The solid Earth contains more carbon than the entire surface reservoir (ocean, atmosphere, and biosphere) in terms of mass: over 90% of carbon is located in the crust, mantle, and core (Dasgupta & Hirschmann, 2010;Wood, 1993). Carbon is released from the Earth's interior mainly in the form of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) by degassing from volcanoes (up to 90%) and metamorphic reactions (≈10%; Mason et al., 2017). The flux of CO 2 released from oceanic volcanism (mid-ocean ridges and ocean islands) is ∼29-154 Megatons per year (Mt/yr) (Kelemen & Manning, 2015), and the global flux of CO 2 emitted from other volcanic environment, including plume degassing and diffuse degassing, is up to ∼108 Mt/yr (Werner et al., 2019), which has a significant time-integrated impact on the concentration of atmospheric CO 2 (161 × 10 3 Mt; Lee et al., 2019). The circum-Mediterranean region, which experienced a prolonged period of convergence between the African-Arabian and the Eurasian plates from the late Jurassic to Cenozoic (Prelević & Foley, 2007), contributes an anomalously large flux of subaerial volcanic CO 2 emissions (20.1 Mt/yr;Werner et al., 2019), accounting for about 20% of the global total. This