Trachoma and water use; a case control study in a Gambian village

Bailey, Robin L.; Downes, Barbara L.; Downes, R.; Mabey, David

doi:10.1016/0035-9203(91)90470-j

Cited by 69 publications

(57 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Households in close proximity to their primary water sources experience less diarrhea (Gorter et al, 1991;Wang and Hunter, 2010) and trachoma (Marx, 1989;Golovaty et al, 2009). They also have been shown to spend less time collecting water (Aiga and Umenai, 2002), use greater quantities of water (Bailey et al, 1991;Polack et al, 2006), and practice improved hygiene behavior (Cairncross and Cliff, 1987;Curtis et al, 1995). Health benefits of hygiene reflect the Mills Reincke phenomenon (Sedgwick and MacNutt, 1908) of multiple health gains; for example, hygiene has been shown to reduce risk and prevalence of respiratory infections (Ryan et al, 2001;Rabie and Curtis, 2006), trachoma (Taylor et al, 1989;West et al, 1995), and diarrhea (Aung Myo and Thein, 1989;Cairncross et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

Overbo

Williams

Evans

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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Many studies have found that household access to water supplies near or within the household plot can reduce the probability of diarrhea, trachoma, and other water-related diseases, and it is generally accepted that on-plot water supplies produce health benefits for households. However, the body of research literature has not been analyzed to weigh the evidence supporting this. A systematic review was conducted to investigate the impacts of on-plot water supplies on diarrhea, trachoma, child growth, and water-related diseases, to further examine the relationship between household health and distance to water source and to assess whether on-plot water supplies generate health gains for households. Studies provide evidence that households with on-plot water supplies experience fewer diarrheal and helminth infections and greater child height. Findings suggest that water-washed (hygiene associated) diseases are more strongly impacted by on-plot water access than waterborne diseases. Few studies analyzed the effects of on-plot water access on quantity of domestic water used, hygiene behavior, and use of multiple water sources, and the lack of evidence for these relationships reveals an important gap in current literature. The review findings indicate that on-plot water access is a useful health indicator and benchmark for the progressive realization of the Sustainable Development Goal target of universal safe water access as well as the human right to safe water.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

Overbo

Williams

Evans

et al. 2016

International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health

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“…24,55 In The Gambia, after controlling for family size, distance to water, and other socioeconomic factors, families with trachoma appeared to use less water for washing children than did the control families without trachoma, regardless of the amount of water available for consumption. 56 These findings suggest that behavioral factors around water use may be more important for trachoma than the total amount of water available.…”

Section: Provision Of Watermentioning

confidence: 99%

Blinding Trachoma: Prevention With the Safe Strategy

West

2003

The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Abstract. Trachoma, the second leading cause of blindness worldwide, differentially affects the poorest communities, which may have the least access to resources. With the establishment of the Global Elimination of Blinding Trachoma by 2020 (GET 2020) goal, the World Health Organization has set an ambitious target for country programs. The currently recommended surgery for trichiasis/entropion, antibiotics for active disease, facial cleanliness, and environmental change to reduce transmission (SAFE) strategy targets all key elements believed to be necessary for a short-and long-term intervention program. This report reviews the need for a multi-faceted strategy, and the evidence supporting the elements of SAFE. Concerns about the implementation are discussed. Additional research is suggested that will enhance the implementation of the SAFE strategy. In the current climate of significant political and social momentum for trachoma control, the SAFE strategy is a safe bet to accomplish the elimination of blinding trachoma.

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“…32,33 A study in the Gambia showed that members of households that allocated a greater proportion of their water to hygiene had a reduced risk of trachoma compared with those who did not, thus providing additional support to the argument for promoting facedwashing to control trachoma. 34 This evidence led to an RCT of hygiene promotion to control trachoma 35 that -although some of the comparisons narrowly failed to achieve statistical significance -was considered sufficiently compelling by WHO to warrant inclusion as part of the integrated strategy.…”

Section: Facial Cleanliness and Envi--ronmental Improvementmentioning

confidence: 99%

The SAFE stragety for trachoma control: using operational research for policy, planning and implementation

Emerson

Burton

Solomon

et al. 2006

Bull World Health Organ

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Trachoma is a neglected disease and also the world's leading infectious cause of blindness. It causes misery, dependency and is a barrier to development. Trachoma is controlled by a WHO-endorsed integrated strategy of surgery for trichiasis, antibiotic therapy, facial cleanliness and environmental improvement, which is known by the acronym SAFE. The strategy is based on evidence from field trials and is continually being refined by operational research that informs national policy and planning; the strategy has affected both programme delivery and implementation. As a result of the findings of operational research, surgery is now frequently conducted by paramedics in communities rather than by ophthalmologists in hospitals; yearly mass distribution of a single oral dose of azithromycin has replaced the use of topical tetracycline; and the promotion of better hygiene, face-washing and the use of latrines are used to reduce transmission. Those who implement programmes have been equal partners in conducting operational research thus reducing the "know-do" gap and minimizing the lag that often exists between the completion of trials and putting their results into practice. Operational research has become a part of practice. Although there are still many questions without answers, national programme coordinators have a reasonable expectation that trachoma control programmes based on SAFE will work. Voir page 617 le résumé en français. En la página 618 figura un resumen en español.

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Trachoma and water use; a case control study in a Gambian village

Cited by 69 publications

References 6 publications

On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

On-plot drinking water supplies and health: A systematic review

Blinding Trachoma: Prevention With the Safe Strategy

The SAFE stragety for trachoma control: using operational research for policy, planning and implementation

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