“…Households in close proximity to their primary water sources experience less diarrhea (Gorter et al, 1991;Wang and Hunter, 2010) and trachoma (Marx, 1989;Golovaty et al, 2009). They also have been shown to spend less time collecting water (Aiga and Umenai, 2002), use greater quantities of water (Bailey et al, 1991;Polack et al, 2006), and practice improved hygiene behavior (Cairncross and Cliff, 1987;Curtis et al, 1995). Health benefits of hygiene reflect the Mills Reincke phenomenon (Sedgwick and MacNutt, 1908) of multiple health gains; for example, hygiene has been shown to reduce risk and prevalence of respiratory infections (Ryan et al, 2001;Rabie and Curtis, 2006), trachoma (Taylor et al, 1989;West et al, 1995), and diarrhea (Aung Myo and Thein, 1989;Cairncross et al, 2010).…”