Tracheobronchial Histopathology in Habitual Smokers of Cocaine, Marijuana, and/or Tobacco*

Specificity of social anxiety disorder as a risk factor for alcohol and cannabis dependence

“…For example, SAD patients with AUD report more severe impairment than patients with SAD without AUD (Schneier et al, 1989) and alcoholics with SAD demonstrate more severe symptoms of alcohol dependence and display more depressive symptomatology than alcoholics without SAD (Thomas et al, 1999b). Cannabis dependence among individuals with SAD is problematic because smoking cannabis has a larger effect on respiratory function than smoking tobacco (Bloom et al, 1987;Sherrill et al, 1991), including cellular changes that may serve as a risk factor for cancer (Fligiel et al, 1997;Sarafian et al, 1999). Long-term cannabis use is associated with legal problems and increased alcohol and tobacco use (Patton et al, 2002;Reilly et al, 1998) and driving under the influence of cannabis leads to increased automobile crash risk (Ramaekers et al, 2004).…”

Cannabis Smoking in 2015

“…7,28 Notable eff ects of smoked cannabis on airways include enhanced mucous secretion, airway hyperemia, basal and goblet cell hyperplasia, and squamous metaplasia. [29][30][31] Additionally, impaired alveolar macrophage phagocytosis and increased apoptosis have been consistently demonstrated in long-term cannabis smokers ( Fig 2 ). [32][33][34][35] Nevertheless, changes in the composition of cannabis for purchase coupled with increasing consumption indicate that further research is warranted.…”

Bullous disease of the lung and cannabis smoking: insufficient evidence for a causative link

“…We found one large prospective histopathological study in 241 known cannabis smokers 21 which does not mention…”