Tracheal Dead Space in the Respiration of Birds

Hinds, David S.; Calder, William A.

doi:10.2307/2406936

Cited by 44 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 6 publications

(13 reference statements)

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“…However, this suggestion must be made with some caution because we used extrapulmonary airway volume as an estimate of dead space volume. The notable exception in this study is the highland ruddy duck, whose estimated dead space volume was 43% smaller than predicted by the allometric equation of Hinds and Calder (1971). This low dead space volume could also reduce buoyancy and facilitate recovery after diving.…”

Section: Costs and Benefits Of Deep Versus Rapid Breathingcontrasting

confidence: 53%

“…The greater the dead space volume, the greater the advantage of preferentially increasing tidal volume would be for increasing effective ventilation. Nearly all of the volumes reported here are larger than predicted by the allometric equation of Hinds and Calder (1971), which predicts tracheal dead space volume in birds to be, on average, 4.53-fold larger than mammals of a similar size, so the use of a deeper, slower breathing pattern would likely result in a net benefit for O 2 uptake in these birds despite the added O 2 costs of this breathing strategy. However, this suggestion must be made with some caution because we used extrapulmonary airway volume as an estimate of dead space volume.…”

Section: Costs and Benefits Of Deep Versus Rapid Breathingmentioning

confidence: 53%

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Respiratory mechanics of eleven avian species resident at high and low altitude

York

Chua

Ivy

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Biology

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The metabolic cost of breathing at rest has never been successfully measured in birds, but has been hypothesized to be higher than in mammals of a similar size because of the rocking motion of the avian sternum being encumbered by the pectoral flight muscles. To measure the cost and work of breathing, and to investigate whether species resident at high altitude exhibit morphological or mechanical changes that alter the work of breathing, we studied 11 species of waterfowl: five from high altitudes (>3000 m) in Peru, and six from low altitudes in Oregon, USA. Birds were anesthetized and mechanically ventilated in sternal recumbency with known tidal volumes and breathing frequencies. The work done by the ventilator was measured, and these values were applied to the combinations of tidal volumes and breathing frequencies used by the birds to breathe at rest. We found the respiratory system of high-altitude species to be of a similar size, but consistently more compliant than that of lowaltitude sister taxa, although this did not translate to a significantly reduced work of breathing. The metabolic cost of breathing was estimated to be between 1 and 3% of basal metabolic rate, as low or lower than estimates for other groups of tetrapods.

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Section: Costs and Benefits Of Deep Versus Rapid Breathingcontrasting

confidence: 53%

Section: Costs and Benefits Of Deep Versus Rapid Breathingmentioning

confidence: 53%

Respiratory mechanics of eleven avian species resident at high and low altitude

York

Chua

Ivy

et al. 2017

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…The bird's respiratory tract cranial to the tracheal bifurcation is qualitatively similar to that of mammals; it has a nasal cavity with communicating sinuses, a larynx supported by cartilaginous plates, and a tracheal lumen supported by cartilaginous or ossified rings. However, the length of the bird's trachea is, on average, 2.7 times that of comparably sized mammals (6). A small increase in tracheal diameter (1.29 times that of comparably sized mammal) ameliorates any increases in resistance to flow expected from the considerably longer trachea.…”

mentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Title volume (ml) = VT = 16.9(Mbl 05) (5) Frequency (per min) = f = 17.2(Mb-031) (6) Ventilation (ml/min) = V= 291.0(Mbo 74) (7) and for flying birds: VT = 27.8(Mb0-89) (8) f = independent of Mb (9) V= 5,000.0(M 0°74) (10) (18) The solubility of a gas depends only on temperature (T), that is ,G =1/(RT), where R is the ideal gas constant (62). There would, of course, be a slight (<1%) decrease in gas solubility due to the bird's higher body temperature (104-1070C) relative to that of mammals (99-1020C).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Avian Respiratory System: A Unique Model for Studies of Respiratory Toxicosis and for Monitoring Air Quality

Brown¹,

Brain²,

Wang³

1997

Environmental Health Perspectives

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“…Accordingly, our model consists of two cylinders (Fig. 1A) representing trachea of 5.8 mm in diameter and 171 mm in length reported in [12] and an air sac dimensioned to concur with published values for the total air sac volume of the fowl respiratory system [4], [5]. This model is represented by an axisymmetric formulation and consists of plane elements.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Boundary Conditions for Heat Transfer and Evaporative Cooling in the Trachea and Air Sac System of the Domestic Fowl: A Two-Dimensional CFD Analysis

et al. 2012

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Various parts of the respiratory system play an important role in temperature control in birds. We create a simplified computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model of heat exchange in the trachea and air sacs of the domestic fowl (Gallus domesticus) in order to investigate the boundary conditions for the convective and evaporative cooling in these parts of the respiratory system. The model is based upon published values for respiratory times, pressures and volumes and upon anatomical data for this species, and the calculated heat exchange is compared with experimentally determined values for the domestic fowl and a closely related, wild species. In addition, we studied the trachea histologically to estimate the thickness of the heat transfer barrier and determine the structure and function of moisture-producing glands. In the transient CFD simulation, the airflow in the trachea of a 2-dimensional model is evoked by changing the volume of the simplified air sac. The heat exchange between the respiratory system and the environment is simulated for different ambient temperatures and humidities, and using two different models of evaporation: constant water vapour concentration model and the droplet injection model. According to the histological results, small mucous glands are numerous but discrete serous glands are lacking on the tracheal surface. The amount of water and heat loss in the simulation is comparable with measured respiratory values previously reported. Tracheal temperature control in the avian respiratory system may be used as a model for extinct or rare animals and could have high relevance for explaining how gigantic, long-necked dinosaurs such as sauropoda might have maintained a high metabolic rate.

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Tracheal Dead Space in the Respiration of Birds

Cited by 44 publications

References 6 publications

Respiratory mechanics of eleven avian species resident at high and low altitude

Respiratory mechanics of eleven avian species resident at high and low altitude

The Avian Respiratory System: A Unique Model for Studies of Respiratory Toxicosis and for Monitoring Air Quality

Boundary Conditions for Heat Transfer and Evaporative Cooling in the Trachea and Air Sac System of the Domestic Fowl: A Two-Dimensional CFD Analysis

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