“…In humans, Crouzon syndrome craniofacial phenotypes are variable but typically include premature closure of the coronal suture (either unilateral or bilateral) associated with a turribrachycephalic or brachycephalic cranial vault, generalized neurocranial dysmorphology, midfacial deficiency, shallow orbits, and ocular proptosis (Cohen and MacLean, 2000). Children with Crouzon syndrome can show additional symptoms affecting other head structures, such as cleft palate (Peterson and Pruzansky, 1974; Riley et al, 2007), upper airway obstruction (Moore, 1993; Sirotnak et al, 1995; Perkins et al, 1997; Scheid et al, 2002; Mitsukawa et al, 2004; Mitsukawa and Satoh, 2010; Randhawa et al, 2011), dysmorphology of the nasopharynx and contiguous structures that impair velopharyngeal function and nasal respiratory physiology (Peterson-Falzone et al, 1981; Johnson and Wilkie, 2011), and mild or moderate hearing loss (conductive, sensorineural, or mixed) often caused by recurrent otitis media effusion, ossicular chain fixation and external auditory canal atresia (Cremers, 1981; Vallino-Napoli, 1996; Orvidas et al, 1999; Cohen and MacLean, 2000; de Jong et al, 2011; Huh et al, 2012). Brain anomalies do not occur frequently in Crouzon syndrome but ventriculomegaly is fairly common (Proudman et al, 1995).…”