Traces of language contact; The Flores-Lembata languages in eastern Indonesia

Fricke, Hanna

doi:10.17510/wacana.v21i1.878

Cited by 16 publications

(33 citation statements)

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“…These three Lamaholot subgroups are joined at the level of Proto-Flores-Lembata, which then also includes the neighbouring languages of Sika and Kedang; see Figure 3 (Fricke 2019: 226-228). Fricke (2019) finds insufficient evidence for an innovation-defined subgroup joining these three Lamaholot groups on a more recent level. (Elias 2017, Fricke 2019 and lexicostatistics (Keraf 1978) Alorese appears to be most closely affiliated with the Western Lamaholot subgroup, sharing at least three innovations with it: the regular sound change *r > Ɂ, a sound change in the numeral 'six' (Proto-Malayo Polynesian *enem 'six' > Proto-Flores-Lembata *ənəm > Central Lamaholot Kalikasa /ənəm/, Lerek /ənam/; Eastern Lamaholot: no data; proto-Western Lamaholot *nəmu (Adonara /namu/, Lewoingu /nəmuŋ/, Munaseli-Alorese /nəmu/, Pandai-Alorese and Baranusa-Alorese /nam:u/, Alor Besar-Alorese /namuŋ/)), and the innovation of a clause-final negator (Proto-Malayo Polynesian *salaq 'wrong' > Proto-Western Lamaholot *hala 'NEG' (Lamalera /hala/, Lewoingu /halaɁ/, Alorese /lahe/)) (Elias 2017;Elias p.c.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Alorese is a variety of the Lamaholot language/dialect chain spoken by some 325,000 people (Fricke 2019: 157-160) living on the eastern tip of Flores and neighbouring islands, including Solor, Lembata and Adonara; see Figure 1. Lamaholot dialects that have been described to some extent include the dialect of Lewoingu (Nishiyama & Kelen 2007), Lamalera (Keraf 1978), Lewolema (Pampus 1999), Lewotobi (Nagaya 2011), Solor (Arndt 1937;Bouman 1943;Kroon 2016), and Central Lembata (Fricke 2017a(Fricke , 2017b(Fricke , 2019. On the basis of lexicostatistic work in dozens of Lamaholot varieties, Keraf (1978) divides Lamaholot into three major subgroups: Western, Central and Eastern Lamaholot.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 3. Geographic spread of Lamaholot varieties and their subgrouping based on regular sound changes in basic vocabulary(Elias 2017, Fricke 2019 and lexicostatistics(Keraf 1978) …”

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Chapter 7. From Lamaholot to Alorese

Klamer¹,

Gill²,

Schapper³

2020

Typological Studies in Language

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Alorese is a prime example of a morphologically isolating language. This paper traces the process of morphological simplification it has undergone by addressing the following questions: (i) What was the morphological profile of its ancestor, pre-Alorese? (ii) When did Alorese start to lose its morphology? (iii) Which factors caused this loss? By comparing the morphological profile of current Alorese with its sister language, Lewoingu-Lamaholot, I conclude that the morphology of pre-Alorese was at least as complex as current Lewoingu-Lamaholot. Pre-Alorese underwent a process of drastic and swift morphological loss after its speakers migrated to Pantar island around 1300 AD. Pre-Alorese must have had a significant proportion of adult second language speakers who acquired it imperfectly, thus causing its morphology to be lost. Thus, this is a good example of morphological simplification due to imperfect adult learning in a small scale language variety.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chapter 7. From Lamaholot to Alorese

Klamer¹,

Gill²,

Schapper³

2020

Typological Studies in Language

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“…There is evidence that the language spoken by these migrating groups was a western Lamaholot variety that later developed into what we today call ‘Alorese’. Therefore, from a genealogical perspective, the closest relatives of Alorese are western Lamaholot varieties (Doyle, 2010, p. 30; Elias, 2017; Fricke, 2019a). Alorese and western Lamaholot varieties belong to the Flores-Lembata subgroup of Malayo-Polynesian languages, which also includes the eastern and central Lamaholot varieties, Sika and Kedang (Fernandez, 1996).…”

Section: The Alorese Language and The Speech Communitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Multilingualism in eastern Indonesia: linguistic evidence of a shift from symmetric to asymmetric multilingualism

Moro

2021

International Journal of Bilingualism

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Aims and Objectives/Purpose/Research Questions: The Alorese in eastern Indonesia are an Austronesian community who have inhabited two Papuan-speaking islands for approximately 600 years. Their language presents a paradox: contact with the neighbouring Papuan languages has led to both complexification and simplification. This article argues that these opposite outcomes of contact result from two distinct scenarios, and formulates a hypothesis about a shift in multilingual patterns in Alorese history. Design/Methodology/Approach: To formulate a hypothesis about the discontinuity of multilingual patterns, this article first sketches the past and present multilingual patterns of the Alorese by modelling language contact outcomes in terms of bilingual optimisation strategies. This is followed by a comparison of the two scenarios to pinpoint similarities and differences. Data and Analysis: Previous research shows that two types of contact phenomena are attested in Alorese: (a) complexification arising from grammatical borrowings from Papuan languages, and (b) morphological simplification. The first change is associated with prolonged child bilingualism and is the result of Papuan-oriented bilingual strategies, while the latter change is associated with adult second language (L2) learning and is the result of universal communicative strategies. Findings/Conclusions Complexification and simplification are the results of two different layers of contact. Alorese was first used in small-scale bilingual communities, with widespread symmetric multilingualism. Later, multilingualism became more asymmetric, and the language started to undergo a simplification process due to the considerable number of L2 speakers. Originality: This article is innovative in providing a clear case study showing discontinuity of multilingual patterns, supported by linguistic and non-linguistic evidence. Significance/Implications: This article provides a plausible explanation for the apparent paradox found in Alorese, by showing that different outcomes of contact in the same language are due to different patterns of acquisition and socialisation. This discontinuity should be taken into account by models of language contact.

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“…The other fieldwork project was carried out by Owen Edwards and took place in West Timor, collecting data on the Amarasi language (ISO 639-3 aaz, Glottocode koto1251), see Figure 3. The theses produced as the result of these projects are Fricke (2019b) and Edwards (2016Edwards ( , 2020 respectively.…”

Section: Descriptive Fieldwork On One Languagementioning

confidence: 99%

Practicalities of language data collection and management in and around Indonesia

Klamer

Edwards

Fricke

et al. 2021

Wacana

Self Cite

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Researchers use different approaches when collecting and managing primary language materials during fieldwork. Yet it is important that this work is done in a transparent way, so that it can be used by other researchers, who might have other aims, as well as by the speaker community who might want to use or take note of the collected materials. In this article we use our research experience in language data collection in and around Indonesia in fieldwork projects of three kinds: descriptive fieldwork, linguistic surveys, and projects investigating language contact. Our aim is to provide an introductory and practical guide for students and professionals who are embarking on fieldwork in or around Indonesia. Describing practical methods of language data collection, processing, and management, our aim is to provide a guide for any research which involves the collection of language materials, including linguistic research, oral history or literature, and ethnography.

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Traces of language contact; The Flores-Lembata languages in eastern Indonesia

Cited by 16 publications

References 4 publications

Chapter 7. From Lamaholot to Alorese

Chapter 7. From Lamaholot to Alorese

Multilingualism in eastern Indonesia: linguistic evidence of a shift from symmetric to asymmetric multilingualism

Practicalities of language data collection and management in and around Indonesia

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