Tracer studies of anodic films formed on aluminium in malonic and oxalic acids

Garcia-Vergara, S.J.; Skeldon, P.; Thompson, G.E.; Habakaki, H.

doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2007.07.006

Cited by 70 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Skeldon and co-workers used tungsten tracers introduced from the metal to visualize ionic transport within porous anodic alumina films formed in acidic solutions. [1][2][3][4] The observed tracer motion deviated strongly from expectations based on electrical migration as the only transport mechanism, the authors attributing the discrepancy to plastic flow in the oxide. The tracer studies supported earlier measurements of the rate of increase in pore wall height relative to stationary reference planes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 38%

A Model for Coupled Electrical Migration and Stress-Driven Transport in Anodic Oxide Films

Hebert

Houser

2009

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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A model for transport in amorphous anodic oxide films was developed in which ion migration was driven by gradients of mechanical stress as well as electric potential and which included viscoelastic creep of the oxide. Simulations were presented for the galvanostatic growth of planar barrier-type anodic aluminum oxide films. It is assumed that stress originates at the metal-film interface due to the volume change upon oxidation. The average stress in the film decayed during growth and evolved from compressive to tensile with increasing applied current density. The model was fit to stress-thickness measurements using a viscosity of 1×1012Pas on the same order of magnitude as that of many other amorphous materials displaying viscous creep. The current density increased exponentially with electric field, in agreement with an empirical high field conduction behavior. The metal ion transport number was predicted based on the motion of markers in the film and increased with current density in quantitative agreement with experimental measurements. The model represents a unified quantitative interpretation of ionic conduction, transport numbers, and mechanical stress measurements in anodic films.

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confidence: 38%

A Model for Coupled Electrical Migration and Stress-Driven Transport in Anodic Oxide Films

Hebert

Houser

2009

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…Malonic (HOOC-CH 2 -COOH) [28,[37][38][39] and tartaric (HOOC(CHOH) 2 COOH) [28,40] acids are also known self-ordering electrolytes, as reported previously. However, malonic and tartaric acids have seldom been used for nanostructure fabrication because they do not perform as well with regards to self-ordering as the three major electrolytes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 89%

Self-Ordering Behavior of Anodic Porous Alumina via Selenic Acid Anodizing

Kikuchi

Nishinaga

Natsui

et al. 2014

Electrochimica Acta

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The self-ordering behavior of anodic porous alumina that was formed by anodizing in selenic acid electrolyte (H 2 SeO 4 ) at various concentrations and voltages was investigated with SEM and AFM imaging. A high purity aluminum foil was anodized in 0.1-3.0 M selenic acid solutions at 273 K and at constant cell voltages in the range of 37 to 51 V. The regularity of the cell arrangement increased with increasing anodizing voltage and selenic acid concentration under conditions of steady oxide growth without burning. Anodizing at 42-46 V in 3.0 M selenic acid produced highly ordered porous alumina. By selective dissolution of the anodic porous alumina, highly ordered convex nanostructures of aluminum with diameters of 20 nm and heights of 40 nm were exposed at the apexes of each hexagonal dimple array. Highly ordered anodic porous alumina with a cell size of 102 nm from top to bottom can be fabricated by a two-step selenic acid anodizing process, that includes the first anodizing step, the selective oxide dissolution, and the second anodizing step.Key words: Aluminum; Anodizing; Anodic Porous Alumina; Selenic Acid IntroductionBarrier anodic oxide films and porous anodic oxide films on aluminum have been widely investigated by many researchers in the fields of surface finishing [1][2][3], electrolytic capacitor application [4][5][6], and micro-and nano-structure fabrication [7][8][9]. Recently, highly ordered anodic porous alumina with a cell size on the scale of 10-100 nm has been studied for potential use in various ordered-nanostructure applications [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. Anodic porous alumina is typically fabricated on an aluminum substrate using electrochemical anodizing (or anodization) [22][23][24][25][26]. In several acidic electrolyte solutions, the porous alumina fabricated by anodizing is self-ordered when prepared at the appropriate electrochemical conditions, including appropriate concentrations, temperatures, and voltages (or electrochemical potentials) [27][28][29][30] [50], and acetylenedicarboxylic (HOOC-C≡C-COOH) [51] acids have also been reported as electrolytes used to fabricate porous alumina that has characteristic nanostructure morphologies.In addition to these acidic electrolytes, alkaline and neutral solutions used for porous alumina fabrication were reported by several research groups. Takahashi et al. reported that a porous anodic oxide film could be formed by anodizing in an H 3 BO 3 /Na 2 B 4 O 7 neutral borate solution at a high temperature [52]. Baron-Wiechec et al. investigated aluminum anodizing in a borax (Na 2 B 4 O 7 ) solution at 333 K and successfully obtained porous alumina [53]. Noguchi et al. investigated the anodizing behavior of aluminum in propylenediamine and choline alkaline solutions containing ammonium fluoride, ammonium tartrate, ammonium carbonate, and ammonium tetraborate, and obtained anodic porous alumina with nanopores that were 10-150 nm in diameter [54]. However, it is difficult to form a highly ordered porous alumina by anodiz...

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“…Malonic acid (HOOC-CH 2 -COOH) is also a useful electrolyte for the fabrication of porous oxide films, and several research groups have reported on the growth behavior of the anodic oxide during malonic acid anodizing [67][68][69][70][71][72]. Malonic acid anodizing works effectively at approximately 80-140 V, and porous oxide films with relatively large cells compared with oxalic acid anodizing, measuring approximately 200-300 nm in diameter, can be formed on the aluminum substrate.…”

Section: Organic Carboxylic Electrolytesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Porous Aluminum Oxide Formed by Anodizing in Various Electrolyte Species

Kikuchi¹,

Nakajima²,

Nishinaga³

et al. 2015

CNANO

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Anodizing of aluminum and its alloys is widely investigated and used for corrosion protection, electronic devices, and micro-/nanostructure fabrication. Anodizing of aluminum in acidic solutions causes formation of porous aluminum oxide films, which consists of numerous hexagonal cells perpendicular to the aluminum substrate, and each cell has nanoscale pores at its center. Recently, highly ordered porous aluminum oxide has been widely investigated for various novel nanoapplications. In this review article, we introduce the fundamentals of anodic oxide films including barrier and porous oxides. Then, we summarize the electrolyte species used so far for porous oxide fabrication and describe the self-ordering conditions during anodizing in these electrolyte solutions. Fabrication of highly ordered porous oxides through the vertical section can be achieved by a two-step anodizing and nanoimprint technique. Various nanoapplications based on the ordered porous oxide are also introduced.

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Tracer studies of anodic films formed on aluminium in malonic and oxalic acids

Cited by 70 publications

References 32 publications

A Model for Coupled Electrical Migration and Stress-Driven Transport in Anodic Oxide Films

A Model for Coupled Electrical Migration and Stress-Driven Transport in Anodic Oxide Films

Self-Ordering Behavior of Anodic Porous Alumina via Selenic Acid Anodizing

Porous Aluminum Oxide Formed by Anodizing in Various Electrolyte Species

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