Trace metal fate in a rotary kiln incinerator with an ionizing wet scrubber

Life Cycle Assessment of Mobile Telephone Networks, with Focus on the End-of-Life Phase

“…Evaluation Theoretical as experimental investigations predict results comparable with the presented experimental results , Soerum et al, 2003, Verhulst et al, 1996, Wang et al, 1999. In contrast, field studies document a higher retention rate for Cd in the bottom ash (Ljung and Nordin, 1997, Morselli et al, 1993, Waterland et al, 1991, Wobst et al, 2001. Reasons for the differing results might be the sample compositions and the incineration conditions.…”

“…In the QTR-ash no As could be detected neither under oxidising nor reducing conditions (at 550 and 880°C). Evaluation In contrast to the theoretical predictions and the experimental results obtained the presented study, Waterland et al (Waterland et al, 1991) detected 90% As discharged in the bottom ash of a laboratory scale incinerator. They presumed a formation of more stable arsenates instead of volatile arsenic.…”

“…According to Ljung et al (Ljung and Nordin, 1997) the volatilisation of Pb starts at about 550°C. In contrast, Waterland et al (Waterland et al, 1991) predict about 80% of Pb retained in the bottom ash. Experiments The TG-ICP experiments indicate a Pb-volatilisation independent of the supply of oxygen.…”

“…An assumption, which is corroborated by the TG-ICP measurements and the thermodynamic calculations. Also, the cited experiments (Belevi and Moench, 2000, Morselli et al, 1993, Waterland et al, 1991 consider synthetic waste samples and the field conditions can differ significantly from laboratory conditions, which in turn possibly results in differing results. Finally, the As content of the analysed PWBA-scrap was low from the beginning.…”

“…However, there exist concerns about the environmental compatibility, in particular with respect to the mobility and the emission rates of heavy metals. Numerous fundamental experimental studies on the partitioning of heavy metals during the combustion of synthetic scrap samples have been performed , Morselli et al, 1993, Paoletti et al, 2001, Waterland et al, 1991, Wobst et al, 2001. Similar fundamental theoretical studies have been undertaken (Ljung and Nordin, 1997, Soerum et al, 2003, Verhulst et al, 1996.…”