Trace-Level Determination of Triazole Fungicides Using Effervescence-Assisted Liquid–Liquid Microextraction Based on Ternary Deep Eutectic Solvent Prior to High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Abstract

A simple and sensitive preconcentration method, namely, effervescence-assisted liquid–liquid microextraction based on the ternary deep eutectic solvent method, was developed for enrichment of triazole fungicide residues prior to their determination by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with UV detection. In this method, a ternary deep eutectic solvent (as extractant) was prepared by combination of octanoic acid, decanoic acid, and dodecanoic acid. The solution was well dispersed with sodium bicarbonate (as effervescence powder) without using auxiliary devices. In order to obtain relatively high extraction efficiency, analytical parameters were investigated and optimized. Under optimum conditions, the proposed method showed good linearity within the range of 1–1000 μg L–1 with a coefficient for determination (R 2) greater than 0.997. The low limits of detection (LODs) were in the range of 0.3–1.0 μg L–1. The precisions were assessed from the relative standard deviations (RSDs) of retention time and peak area obtained from intra- (n = 3) and inter-day (n = 5 × 5) experiments, which were greater than 1.21 and 4.79%, respectively. Moreover, the proposed method provided high enrichment factors ranging from 112 to 142 folds. A matrix-match calibration method was used for analysis of real samples. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied for determination of the triazole fungicide in environmental water (near agricultural area), honey, and bean samples, and it represents a promising alternative method for analysis of triazoles. The recoveries of the studied triazoles were obtained in the range of 82–106% with an RSD less than 4.89.

Fenpicoxamid-Imprinted Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR) Sensor Based on Sulfur-Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitride and Its Application to Rice Samples

“…Classical chromatographic methods have been developed for the analysis of fungicides in the literature, and the selective measurements can be achieved by separating fungicides at different times in these techniques [ 41 , 42 , 43 ]. These methods are time-consuming and use excessive consumables and always require professional personnel.…”

Preconcentration of Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Edible Fried Insects Using Surfactant-Assisted Hydrophobic Deep Eutectic Solvent for Homogeneous Liquid–Liquid Microextraction prior to HPLC

“…31 Moreover, they have unique properties such as high purity and environmental friendliness. 33 DES was applied for the extraction of neonicotinoid insecticides, 34 triazole fungicides, 23 curcumin, 35 caffeine, 36 and antibiotics. 22 Therefore, the main objective of this study was to investigate an effective analytical method for the preconcentration of HAAs in edible fried insects using surfactant-assisted hydrophobic DES for HLLME prior to HPLC.…”

“…HLLME provides several merits, including ease of operation, rapidity, and less auxiliary equipment, but it still has disadvantages involving the use of toxic extraction solvents and inconvenient collection of the extractant phase . Therefore, developing an environmentally friendly and cost-effective solvent is of utmost importance in chemical manufacturing . Nowadays, alternative solvent is used, namely, deep eutectic solvents (DESs).…”

“… 22 Therefore, developing an environmentally friendly and cost-effective solvent is of utmost importance in chemical manufacturing. 23 Nowadays, alternative solvent is used, namely, deep eutectic solvents (DESs). They are known as green solvents which could be used as extraction solvents instead of the common toxic organic solvents 24 such as carbon tetrachloride and dichloromethane.…”

“… 31 Moreover, they have unique properties such as high purity and environmental friendliness. 33 DES was applied for the extraction of neonicotinoid insecticides, 34 triazole fungicides, 23 curcumin, 35 caffeine, 36 and antibiotics. 22 …”