Trace elements in aerosol particles from Bermuda and Barbados: Concentrations, sources and relationships to aerosol sulfate

Arimoto, R.; Duce, Robert A.; Savoie, Dennis L.; Prospero, Joseph M.

doi:10.1007/bf00115250

Cited by 105 publications

(98 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…lB, Z!B). Those maxima correspond in time to annual maxima in the concentration of Sahara dust in the air over Bermuda (Arimoto et al 1992). In the North Pacific, sporadic inputs; of dust arising from wind storms over Chinese deserts have been reported to stimulate phytoplankton blooms, and that stimulation has been interpreted as a response to iron enrichment (Young et al 1991).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

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Diatom growth and productivity in an oligo-trophic midocean gyre: A 3-yr record from the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda

1997

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We measured the rate of biogenic silica production in the upper 160 m at the Bermuda Atlantic Time-series Study (BATS) site in the western Sargasso Sea on 12 cruises between August 1991 and May 1994 using a 30Si tracer method. Previously initiated time series of particulate silica concentrations and the gravitational flux of siliceous particles were extended to produce an October 1988-December 1994 time series for biogenic silica concentrations and August 1991-December 1994 time series for lithogenic silica concentrations and fluxes of biogenic and lithogenie silica. Specific rates of biogenic silica production during nonbloom periods indicate active diatom growth, with a mean doubling time of 4.5 d for biogenic silica. The annual silica production rate is conservatively estimated to be 240 mmol Si m-2, which corresponds to a diatom productivity of -20-45 g C m-2 yr-I, -15-25% of the mean annual primary productivity. Comparison of silica production rates with sinking fluxes from the upper 150 m (26-53 mmol Si m-2 yr-I) indicates that -80% of the silica produced in the euphotic zone dissolves in the upper 150 m. Sinking of diatoms and their remains can account for -30% of the particulate organic carbon export at the BATS site on an annual basis and nearly 100% during the annual winter/spring diatom bloom. Atmospheric dust inputs each summer, indicated by July-August maxima in the concentration and vertical flux of lithogenic silica, do not stimulate either biogenic silica production or primary productivity, implying that iron availability limits neither diatom growth nor total primary production in the western' Sargasso Sea.Most of the primary production in the oceans occurs in midocean gyres and other oligotrophic systems-a seemingly contradictory situation that results from those systems' enormous spatial extent (e.g. Ryther 1969). The phytoplankton in the midocean gyres is comprised mostly of small, nonsiliceous forms, with

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…lB, 2B). The JulyAugust maxima coincide with the arrival of increased levels of Sahara dust in the atmosphere over Bermuda (Arimoto et al 1992).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Diatom growth and productivity in an oligo-trophic midocean gyre: A 3-yr record from the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda

1997

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“…Concurrent mineral dust measurements at Miami show that there was a strong influx of North African dust at the same time. High concentrations of African dust are also routinely observed on Bermuda during the summer (45)(46).…”

Section: African Dust Transport To Miami: An Example Of Possible Airmentioning

confidence: 97%

Long-range transport of mineral dust in the global atmosphere: Impact of African dust on the environment of the southeastern United States

Prospero

1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

510

379

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Soil dust is a major constituent of airborne particles in the global atmosphere. Dust plumes frequently cover huge areas of the earth; they are one of the most prominent and commonly visible features in satellite imagery. Dust is believed to play a role in many biogeochemical processes, but the importance of dust in these processes is not well understood because of the dearth of information about the global distribution of dust and its physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties. This paper describes some features of the large-scale distribution of dust and identifies some of the geological characteristics of important source areas. The transport of dust from North Africa is presented as an example of possible long-range dust effects, and the impact of African dust on environmental processes in the western North Atlantic and the southeastern United States is assessed. Dust transported over long distances usually has a mass median diameter <10 m. Small wind-borne soil particles show signs of extensive weathering; consequently, the physical and chemical properties of the particles will greatly depend on the weathering history in the source region and on the subsequent modifications that occur during transit in the atmosphere (typically a period of a week or more). To fully understand the role of dust in the environment and in human health, mineralogists will have to work closely with scientists in other disciplines to characterize the properties of mineral particles as an ensemble and as individual particles especially with regard to surface characteristics.

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“…-Data dating back to the 1980s was taken from the AEROCE (Aerosol Oceanic Chemistry Experiment) (Arimoto, 1992), SEAREX (Asian dust network in the North Pacific) (Saltzman et al, 1985), and DOE (US Department of Energy collected and analyzed; (e.g., Prospero et al, 2003)) networks, all collected by Joseph M. Prospero.…”

Section: Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of sea-spray aerosol source functions using a large global set of sea salt aerosol concentration measurements

et al. 2014

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Abstract. Sea-spray aerosols (SSA) are an important part of the climate system because of their effects on the global radiative budget -both directly as scatterers and absorbers of solar and terrestrial radiation, and indirectly as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) influencing cloud formation, lifetime, and precipitation. In terms of their global mass, SSA have the largest uncertainty of all aerosols. In this study we review 21 SSA source functions from the literature, several of which are used in current climate models. In addition, we propose a new function. Even excluding outliers, the global annual SSA mass produced spans roughly 3-70 Pg yr −1 for the different source functions, for particles with dry diameter D p < 10 µm, with relatively little interannual variability for a given function. The FLEXPART Lagrangian particle dispersion model was run in backward mode for a large global set of observed SSA concentrations, comprised of several station networks and ship cruise measurement campaigns. FLEX-PART backward calculations produce gridded emission sensitivity fields, which can subsequently be multiplied with gridded SSA production fluxes in order to obtain modeled SSA concentrations. This allowed us to efficiently and simultaneously evaluate all 21 source functions against the measurements. Another advantage of this method is that sourceregion information on wind speed and sea surface temperatures (SSTs) could be stored and used for improving the SSA source function parameterizations. The best source functions reproduced as much as 70 % of the observed SSA concentration variability at several stations, which is comparable with "state of the art" aerosol models. The main driver of SSA production is wind, and we found that the best fit to the observation data could be obtained when the SSA production is proportional to U 3.5 10 , where U 10 is the source region averaged 10 m wind speed. A strong influence of SST on SSA production, with higher temperatures leading to higher production, could be detected as well, although the underlying physical mechanisms of the SST influence remains unclear. Our new source function with wind speed and temperature dependence gives a global SSA production for particles smaller than D p < 10 µm of 9 Pg yr −1 , and is the best fit to the observed concentrations.

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Trace elements in aerosol particles from Bermuda and Barbados: Concentrations, sources and relationships to aerosol sulfate

Cited by 105 publications

References 42 publications

Diatom growth and productivity in an oligo-trophic midocean gyre: A 3-yr record from the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda

Diatom growth and productivity in an oligo-trophic midocean gyre: A 3-yr record from the Sargasso Sea near Bermuda

Long-range transport of mineral dust in the global atmosphere: Impact of African dust on the environment of the southeastern United States

A review of sea-spray aerosol source functions using a large global set of sea salt aerosol concentration measurements

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