Trace Elements From Ocean‐Going Vessels in East Asia: Vanadium and Nickel Emissions and Their Impacts on Air Quality

Abstract

The rising economy and increasing demand for seaborne trade are pushing growth in the shipping industry at the global level, especially in East Asia. Within this context, there have been numerous studies on the regional-and global-scale effects of ship emissions on climate, ambient air quality and human health (Cor-

Present Knowledge and Future Perspectives of Atmospheric Emission Inventories of Toxic Trace Elements: A Critical Review

“…However, detailed information about latitudes and longitudes is generally unavailable for diffuse sources that are too miscellaneous or small to be individually identified as point sources or line and area sources. Therefore, some surrogate spatial proxies, such as land use coverage percentage, vehicle flow, gross domestic product (GDP), and population, are applied to spatially disaggregate national or regional-scale emissions into grids with varied resolutions. ,,,,, In addition, several new distribution indices, including urban population, industrial activity, major power plant, and gold deposits, were used as parameters for different sectors to prepare multiscale sector-specific gridded emission inventories. ,,,,,,,,,,,, Recently, except for GDP, population, and land use, road networks, ship tracks, , and flight route information were adopted as surrogate indices to generate a high-resolution emission inventory. It is worth noting that challenges are still emerging in developing high-resolution emission maps up to urban block street resolution as well as supporting fine-scale air quality model simulation, although considerable efforts have been made to improve the spatial distribution of emissions.…”

“…Global- and regional-scale navigation and aviation have an adverse effect on climate, ambient air quality, and human health. To estimate the impact of V and Ni from ocean-going vessels on air quality in East Asia in 2015, Zhao et al constructed a comprehensive emission inventory of V and Ni from shipping and implemented it into a model simulation . In addition, Bai et al leveraged a bottom-up method for evaluating historical V emissions in China from both anthropogenic and natural sources, covering navigation, aviation, refinery oil combustion, agricultural and construction machinery, and biogenic sources .…”

Impact of shipping emission reductions on the chemical composition of aerosols in coastal urban air revealed by receptor modelling and numerical simulations

“…Zhang et al 40 reported that V is linearly reduced depending on S content in shipping fuel oils, while a linear relationship is expected to be unclear for Ni 41 , as surface Ni in urban air is determined by diverse sources, such as crustal and industrial emissions. Xiano et al 9 announced that V is not an appropriate shipping emission indicator for the period of switching to lower S fuels.…”

“…A comparable seasonality for shipping trace metals in coastal cities has been reported by other studies. According to CMAQ modelling simulations by Zhao et al 41 , the highest enhancement of V and Ni in surface air attributable to shipping emissions in the spring, was estimated in the Korean Peninsula.…”

Atmospheric Vanadium Emission Inventory from Both Anthropogenic and Natural Sources in China

“…While the global emission inventory provides a snapshot of globally important sources and fuel types, scientific understanding of the global vanadium cycle and how it affects human health rests on accurate quantification of vanadium emissions at multiple scales. Owing to diverse sources and different release mechanisms, previous efforts to capture total vanadium emissions at the national spatial scales are restricted to developed countries such as Europe and individual sources such as ocean-going vessels . Moreover, as a relatively abundant trace metal in the Earth’s crust, the natural emissions of vanadium in air from windblown dust, open biomass burning, sea salt spray, and biogenic sources also cannot be ignored, ,, although research effort has also mainly focused on global domains. , However, to date, as the globally largest country for storage, production, and consumption of vanadium (shown in Figure S1 of the Supporting Information), a reliable and high-resolution vanadium emission inventory from both anthropogenic and natural sources is still not available, which is of great significance for better understanding of the global biogeochemical cycles of vanadium and its potential impacts on human health.…”