This article is concerned with the changes that erosion and transport have on the properties of sediment as it moves through a dispersal system, which point to the processes responsible for its dispersal, and the ways in which the characteristics imparted to sediment in the source area by parent lithology and climate can be used to indicate its spatial origin (provenance). Examples are provided of the changes to particle size and shape that have been observed to occur during transport by water, wind and ice, and of the different approaches used to ascribe provenance that rely on conservative physical and chemical properties. These include mineral, stable and radioactive isotope, major and trace element compositions and environmental magnetism. The different uses to which such data have been put and the range of scales at which provenance studies have been conducted are illustrated using examples drawn from investigations conducted in marine, fluvial and lacustrine settings.