Trace element analysis of Alexander the Great’s silver tetradrachms minted in Macedonia

Ion beam analysis of golden threads from Romanian medieval textiles

“…Usually bismuth accompanies silver and may give information about its provenance [26,27], being determined in the medieval silver originating from Serbia, Transylvania, Carinthia and also from the Middle East. Absence of bismuth in some metal threads and its presence in other samples may be an indication of different silver sources.…”

Compositional study of Parthian silver coins using PIXE technique

“…However, there is a problem when the Ag is reeled by Ag from different sources. In another research study, Kallithrakas-Kontos et al [13] who have worked on the Alexander silver coins, showed Bi possibly might be used as an indication of mines. The same method has been applied by Guerra [3,[14][15][16] for Au mines and coins.…”

Application of PIXE Spectrometry in Determination of Chemical Composition in Ilkhanid Silver Coins

“…Kontos (2000) has demonstrated that Bi may be present as an indicator for the silver mine location in the case of silver coins from Athens. Guerra (Guerra 1995;1998; 2004; 2008) revealed that several elements may characterise Au mines and gold coins.…”