Trace determination of gadolinium in biomedical samples by diode laser-based multi-step resonance ionization mass spectrometry

Abstract

The application of high-resolution multi-step resonance ionization mass spectrometry (RIMS) to the trace determination of the rare earth element gadolinium is described. Utilizing three-step resonant excitation into an autoionizing level, both isobaric and isotopic selectivity of >10(7) were attained. An overall detection efficiency of approximately 10(-7) and an isotope specific detection limit of 1.5 x 10(9) atoms have been demonstrated. When targeting the major isotope (158)Gd, this corresponds to a total Gd detection limit of 1.6 pg. Additionally, linear response has been demonstrated over a dynamic range of six orders of magnitude. The method has been used to determine the Gd content in various normal and tumor tissue samples, taken from a laboratory mouse shortly after injection of gadolinium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid dimeglumine (Gd-DTPA), which is used as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The RIMS results show Gd concentrations that vary by more than two orders of magnitude (0.07-11.5 microg mL(-1)) depending on the tissue type. This variability is similar to that observed in MRI scans that depict Gd-DTPA content in the mouse prior to dissection, and illustrates the potential for quantitative trace analysis in microsamples of biomedical materials.

Gadolinium- and 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-Induced Protoporphyrin IX Levels in Human Gliomas: An Ex Vivo Quantitative Study to Correlate Protoporphyrin IX Levels and Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown

“…The tissue was combined with 1 ml of Solvable (Dupont-Biotechnology Systems, Boston, MA) and placed in an undulating water bath at 50°C for 1 hour, following a modified protocol from Lilge et al (33). The material was then homogenized with a Tissue Tearor tool in the original vial.…”

Design of a Novel Gadolinium Optical Sensor Based on Immobilization of (Z)-N′-((Pyridine-2-yl) Methylene) Thiophene-2-carbohydrazide on a Triacetylcellulose Membrane and Its Application to the Urine Samples

“…There are many methods for the low-level Gd monitoring in solution. Most of them are spectroscopic methods such as spectrofluorimetry (Reisfeld and Biron 1970;Taketatsu and Sato 1978;Berg, Mainka, and Ache 1989;Hu et al 1997), spectrophotometry (Mori et al 1992), ICP-AES (Normann et al 2000), Novel Gadolinium Optical Sensor 191 ICP-MS (Behrens 1995;Cao, Yin, and Li 1999;Hennebruder et al 2004;Isnard et al 2005), LC (Winget and Lindstrom 1971), electron spin resonance (ESR) (Moyer and McCarthy 1969;Miyake and Imoto 1996;Miyake, Kanamaru, and Imoto 1986), laser-based multistep resonance ionization MS (Blaum et al 2002), phosphorescence (Gong and Zhang 1997), and some neutron activation methods (Marsh and Allie 1969;Jinno et al 1979). These methods have either low sensitivity, are time-consuming, involving multiple sample manipulations, or are too expensive for most analytical laboratories.…”

Imaging of the muscarinic acetylcholine neuroreceptor in rats with the M2 selective agonist [18F]FP-TZTP

“…Instruments with increased sensitivity are continuing to be developed and could lead to smaller samples and, as a result, fewer physiologic effects after bolus injection of [ 18 F]FP-TZTP (e.g. accelerator mass spectrometry [19] or Laser Resonance Ionization Mass Spectrometry [20]. Nevertheless, until new instruments enable the retrieval of the full kinetics of [ 18 F]FP-TZTP following bolus-injection, the infusion method that we utilized for this study leads to ratios of volumes of distribution without interfering on physiological parameters.…”