Trace and mineral elements in royal jelly and homeostatic effects

Comparison of the nutrient composition of royal jelly and worker jelly of honey bees (Apis mellifera)

“…reviews: Ramadan and Al-Ghamdi 2012). The content of moisture (Sabatini et al 2009), carbohydrates (Asencot and Lensky 1988;Lercker et al 1992), proteins (Simúth 2001;Boselli et al 2003;GarciaAmoedo and Almeida-Muradian 2007), lipids (Lercker et al 1992;Noda et al 2005), 10-HDA (Bloodworth et al 1994;Koshio and de AlmeidaMuradian 2003;Pamplona et al 2004) and minerals (Benfenati et al 1986;Stocker et al 2005;Garcia-Amoedo and Almeida-Muradian 2007) has been thoroughly documented. However, it is important to note that almost all of these studies were focused on the quality of commercial RJ (i.e., the food of 4-day-old queen larvae).…”

The effects of royal jelly on performance and fatty acid profiles of different tissues in quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) reared under high stocking density

“…Phenols and polyphenols in major protein structures are responsible for significant antioxidant activity (4). RJ is rich in vitamins, especially water-soluble vitamins (vitamins B and C), and minerals such as potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, sulfur, and copper (10).…”

Honey and royal jelly, like human milk, abrogate lectin-dependent infection-preceding Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion

“…RJ, which is produced by young nurse bees from a honey and flower pollen mixture with secretions from their cephalic salivary glands (Moritz and Southwick, 1992), differs from honey in its higher water content (60-70%), 10-16% carbohydrates (some of honey origin) and much higher protein levels (around 14%), most of them gps (Kimura et al, 2000(Kimura et al, , 2002Scarselli et al, 2005), and 3-7% lipids as well as richer content of other vital components (Takenaka, 1982;Schmitzova et al, 1998;Albert et al, 1999;Stocker et al, 2005). The most prominent 'major' RJ proteins, 'MRJPs' 1-5, ranging from 49 up to 87 kDa and also named apalbumins (Albert and Klaudiny, 2004), constitute around 90% of the total RJ proteins (Schmitzova et al, 1998;Sano et al, 2004;Santos et al, 2005;Scarselli et al, 2005).…”