Trace analysis of selected hormones and sterols in river sediments by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–tandem mass spectrometry

Distribution and Characterization of Sex Hormones in Sediment and Removal Estimate by Sewage Treatment Plant in South Brazil

“…This is consistent with the characteristics of the study area, as the Curitiba metropolitan region has low sewage collection rates [14]. Significant amounts of E2 are released every day and incorporated into sewage all over the world [4,5] and thus occurs in higher concentrations in human impacted environments when compared to other hormones.…”

“…17β-estradiol and estrone mean daily amounts excreted by average women during menstrual cycle is 3.5 and 8 µg, respectively, but can reach up to 259 and 600 µg, respectively, during gestation [5]. Therefore, FSHs are responsible for most of the endocrine disruptive effects in the environment [1,2,4].…”

“…This situation creates environmental reservoirs that control the bioavailability of FSHs and present a risk to the biota, as they can be released to the water column under specific environmental conditions [4]. Considering the inefficiency of STPs in removing FSHs, aquatic ecosystems around urban areas and water bodies that receive treated water from STPs are the most endangered, and studies assessing and reporting water quality in terms of female hormones are of great relevance, once these compounds can sorb to sediment and adversely affect aquatic fauna and flora and human life [1].…”

“…Caused conditions are related to their function as endocrine disruptors, which even in low concentrations can damage the functioning of endocrine systems of animal species. In this case, FSHs can induce fish and human feminization, mimicking the effects of natural hormones [4].…”

Distribution and estrogenic potential of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in estuarine sediments from Mumbai, India

“…All extracts were filtered through 0.45 μm PVDF filter, and analyzed. A sample extract cleanup method has been used similarly as describe elsewhere (Matic´et al, 2014).…”