Trabecular bone scales allometrically in mammals and birds

Doube, Michael; Kłosowski, Michał M.; Wiktorowicz-Conroy, Alexis M.; Hutchinson, John R.; Shefelbine, Sandra J.

doi:10.1098/rspb.2011.0069

Cited by 120 publications

(246 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…Structurally, this can be achieved by improving trabecular bone architecture. However, allometric studies have shown that the scaling factor of trabecular thickness and numbers, although variable among species, always exhibit hypoallometry with animal size [33][34][35][36]. These values indicate that as body mass increases, the trabecular architecture becomes relatively sparser, with relatively thinner trabeculae.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allometry of the Tendon Enthesis: Mechanisms of Load Transfer Between Tendon and Bone

Deymier-Black

Pasteris²,

Genin

et al. 2015

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering

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Several features of the tendon-to-bone attachment were examined allometrically to determine load transfer mechanisms. The humeral head diameter increased geometrically with animal mass. Area of the attachment site exhibited a near isometric increase with muscle physiological cross section. In contrast, the interfacial roughness as well as the mineral gradient width demonstrated a hypoallometric relationship with physiologic cross-sectional area (PCSA). The isometric increase in attachment area indicates that as muscle forces increase, the attachment area increases accordingly, thus maintaining a constant interfacial stress. Due to the presence of constant stresses at the attachment, the micrometer-scale features may not need to vary with increasing load.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Allometry of the Tendon Enthesis: Mechanisms of Load Transfer Between Tendon and Bone

Deymier-Black

Pasteris²,

Genin

et al. 2015

Journal of Biomechanical Engineering

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“…Because the primary goal of the present analysis was to investigate structural differences between the human foragers and agriculturalist groups, and only secondarily to analyze interspecific differences in trabecular bone microstructure, phylogenetic correction was not performed. Recent work has found minimal phylogenetic effects on bone microstructure (66,77).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gracility of the modernHomo sapiensskeleton is the result of decreased biomechanical loading

Ryan

Shaw

2014

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

160

195

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The postcranial skeleton of modern Homo sapiens is relatively gracile compared with other hominoids and earlier hominins. This gracility predisposes contemporary humans to osteoporosis and increased fracture risk. Explanations for this gracility include reduced levels of physical activity, the dissipation of load through enlarged joint surfaces, and selection for systemic physiological characteristics that differentiate modern humans from other primates. This study considered the skeletal remains of four behaviorally diverse recent human populations and a large sample of extant primates to assess variation in trabecular bone structure in the human hip joint. Proximal femur trabecular bone structure was quantified from microCT data for 229 individuals from 31 extant primate taxa and 59 individuals from four distinct archaeological human populations representing sedentary agriculturalists and mobile foragers. Analyses of mass-corrected trabecular bone variables reveal that the forager populations had significantly higher bone volume fraction, thicker trabeculae, and consequently lower relative bone surface area compared with the two agriculturalist groups. There were no significant differences between the agriculturalist and forager populations for trabecular spacing, number, or degree of anisotropy. These results reveal a correspondence between human behavior and bone structure in the proximal femur, indicating that more highly mobile human populations have trabecular bone structure similar to what would be expected for wild nonhuman primates of the same body mass. These results strongly emphasize the importance of physical activity and exercise for bone health and the attenuation of age-related bone loss. trabecular bone | gracilization | human evolution | biomechanics | mobility C ompared with other hominoids and extinct hominin species, more recent humans possess relatively gracile postcranial skeletons (1-9). One of the consequences of this gracility in contemporary humans is an increased fracture risk associated with age-related bone loss and osteoporosis [hip fractures alone are projected to reach 6.26 million per year globally by 2050 (10)] (11-15). The etiology of this relative gracility remains uncertain, and this uncertainty hinders the development of strategies for mitigating fracture risk and morbidity. The progressive gracilization of the Homo postcranial skeleton was originally detected in cortical bone structure (1, 2), but has now been demonstrated in the trabecular bone microstructure of joints (12,14,(16)(17)(18)(19), where osteoporotic fracture risk is highest (20). Most notably, in an analysis of thoracic vertebral bodies, Cotter et al. (12) found that young adult humans have significantly lower trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV) and thinner vertebral shells than similarly sized apes. Griffin et al. (16) also found significantly lower BV/TV in the human first and second metatarsal heads compared with hominoid primates. The results of these studies are corroborated by work on the hominoid...

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“…At present, reconciling these strepsirhine lumbar vertebral body data with other comparative and scaling studies is challenging. Studies vary in trabecular morphometric approaches (three-dimensional direct transformation, two-dimensional plate model, and twodimensional direct measures), taxonomic samples, target bones, the size variable used to determine allometric equations (femoral head radius, estimated body mass from skeletal dimensions, and published species body mass averages) and scaling results (Mullender et al, 1996;Swartz et al, 1998;Fajardo and Mü ller, 2001;MacLatchy and Mü ller, 2002;Ryan and Ketcham, 2002;Fajardo et al, 2007b;Cotter et al, 2009;Ryan and Walker, 2010;Doube et al, 2011). The few studies that have investigated comparative strepsirhine trabecular bone architecture have not assessed the scaling relationships quantitatively.…”

Section: Strepsirhine Vertebral Body Microstructural Scalingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some studies of primate proximal femur trabeculae have suggested that Tb.Th is invariant with body mass (MacLatchy and Mü ller, 2002;Ryan and Ketcham, 2002;Fajardo et al, 2007b). In contrast, broad mammalian studies suggest that Tb.Th scales with negative allometry in the femur and humerus (Swartz et al, 1998;Doube et al, 2011). However, the Tb.Th scaling exponents are generally isometric for chiropteran proximal femora and humeri (Swartz et al, 1998), suggesting that within mammals scaling exponents may differ depending on the level of taxonomic resolution or locomotor behavior of the sample.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lumbar Vertebral Body Bone Microstructural Scaling in Small to Medium‐Sized Strepsirhines

Fajardo

DeSilva

Manoharan

et al. 2013

The Anatomical Record

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Bone mass, architecture, and tissue mineral density contribute to bone strength. As body mass (BM) increases any one or combination of these properties could change to maintain structural integrity. To better understand the structural origins of vertebral fragility and gain insight into the mechanisms that govern bone adaptation, we conducted an integrative analysis of bone mass and microarchitecture in the last lumbar vertebral body from nine strepsirhine species, ranging in size from 42 g (Microcebus rufus) to 2,440 g (Eulemur macaco). Bone mass and architecture were assessed via mCT for the whole body and spherical volumes of interest (VOI). Allometric equations were estimated and compared with predictions for geometric scaling, assuming axial compression as the dominant loading regime. Bone mass, microarchitectural, and vertebral body geometric variables predominantly scaled isometrically. Among structural variables, the degree of anisotropy (Tb.DA) was the only parameter independent of BM and other trabecular architectural variables. Tb.DA was related to positional behavior. Orthograde primates had higher average Tb.DA (1.60) and more craniocaudally oriented trabeculae while lorisines had the lowest Tb.DA (1.25), as well as variably oriented trabeculae. Finally, lorisines had the highest ratio of trabecular bone volume to cortical shell volume ($3x) and while there appears to be flexibility in this ratio, the total bone volume (trabecular þ cortical) scales isometrically (BM 1.23 , r 2 ¼ 0.93) and appears tightly constrained. The common pattern of isometry in our measurements leaves open the question of how vertebral bodies in strepsirhine species compensate for increased BM. Anat Rec,

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Trabecular bone scales allometrically in mammals and birds

Cited by 120 publications

References 34 publications

Allometry of the Tendon Enthesis: Mechanisms of Load Transfer Between Tendon and Bone

Allometry of the Tendon Enthesis: Mechanisms of Load Transfer Between Tendon and Bone

Gracility of the modernHomo sapiensskeleton is the result of decreased biomechanical loading

Lumbar Vertebral Body Bone Microstructural Scaling in Small to Medium‐Sized Strepsirhines

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