“… 4 , 5 , 6 For example, seasonal variations or indirect sources of income (e.g., donations, sharing, and bartering) that contribute to subsistence, particularly for poorer, rural, or culturally differentiated populations, may not be adequately captured by the usual indicators. 4 , 7 , 8 Therefore, it is often considered more accurate to measure consumption or expenditure rather than income. 4 , 9 As an alternative approach to measure socioeconomic conditions in low- and middle-income countries, 7 , 9 several authors have proposed the construction of indices, usually employing multivariate statistical techniques such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA).…”