“…Although the studies cited above indicate that NR4A1 contributes to carcinogenesis, many others report the opposite effect of NR4A1 on tumor growth (Mohan et al, 2012). NR4A1 expression is modified to inhibit tumor formation in many tumor types, including colon, breast, bladder, liver, thyroid, lung, prostate, and renal cell carcinoma (Choi et al, 2004;Mohan et al, 2012;Mu and Chang, 2003). As noted earlier, NR4A1 promotes apoptosis in a human prostate cancer cell line through stimulation of E2F1 expression (Mu and Chang, 2003).…”